“Where were you last summer?” “In Majorca.” “Where is that?” “I don’t know, I flew there.”

1. “Where were you last summer?” “In Majorca.” “Where is that?” “I don’t know, I flew there.” Americans and Geography

2. Push/Pull • Sunlust • Wanderlust What Makes Us Travel?

3. Travel Motivation Theory • Wanderlust • A desire to learn • To seek an unknown place • Also called “seeking” • Sunlust • A desire for rest and relaxation • To find specific facilities that do not exist at the place of residence • Also called “escaping” Gray (1970)

4. Involves people from point A traveling to point B and then returning to point A Practically Speaking

5. In the United States, tourism is typically considered travel (ABA) that is at least 100 miles from point A to point B, and has a duration of at least 24 hours • This should include spending the night at point B and not just 24 hours of driving Time & Distance

6. Political • Social/Economic • Temporal • Topographical/Geographical • Mental/State of Mind • Artificial Border

7. “…adventure was originally that which happened without design…now in common usage it is primarily a contrived experience that somebody is trying to sell us” The ImageA Guide to Pseudo-Events in America

8. Would the average person (the tourist), know which piece of modern art was worth visiting, which building was important or which vineyard had the best grapes? Sight

9. Authenticity • Cultural Imperialism • Intervening Opportunity • Site/Sight • The Grand Tour • The Package Tour Terms

10. We need a sign to say that a vineyard is Mondovi • We need a marker to indicate which building is a Van der Rohe • We need a marker to tell us which is a Matisse (and even why Matisse is important) Sight/Marker

11. Stereotypes for cultures and places were actually increased (rather than decreased) though this form of tourism as Westerners demanded to see what they already expected, rather than what was really there Why IYHW?

12. So, instead of destroying myths and stereotypes between countries, mass tourism perpetrates them Myths

13. Tourists seek the unique • Mass tourism packages the unique • Culture and geography are reduced to a few standard elements • Tourist learns these before he begins his tour… Tourism

14. Thus, the tourist is aware of his foreign environment only when he reaches the spot of interest – one of the select standard elements Selective Awareness

15. So, while the desire to experience the novel and strange has increased, these actual qualities of these experiences have decreased in tourism Mass Tourism

16. So if we’re not going to learn anything, why are we going? • (And you can argue this – you may say that we are going to learn something) ???

17. Briefly, sightseeing in modern society can serve as a representation of good and evil (often to reinforce a moral base) Sightseeing

18. Visiting the finer monuments and attractions of society produces feelings of respect and admiration (either for one’s own society or for the visited one) Sightseeing

19. Equally important, is the attitude of disgust associated with seeing muggings, abandoned buildings, polluted rivers, etc. • It helps to keep the moral order intact • It makes you glad as a tourist that you do not live there Sightseeing

20. A state controlled leisure organization (part of the German Labor Front) • Set up to promote National Socialism • Became the world’s largest tourism operator during the 1930s Strength through Joy“Kraft durch Freude” (KdF)

21. I wish that the worker be granted a sufficient holiday and that everything is done, in order to let this holiday as well all other leisure time to be truly recreational. Strength through Joy“Kraft durch Freude” (KdF)

22. Perfection and refinement of the German people through very structure leisure/recreational programs • (Think back to leisure being dependent on perceived freedom) Strength through Joy“Kraft durch Freude” (KdF)

23. The KdF-Wagen was an affordable car promoted to the German public for travel Strength through Joy“Kraft durch Freude” (KdF)

24. Fishing Village in Spain • Destination for the “beautiful people” • Discovered by Hitler • Catered to Germans • Forgotten for other destinations The Case of Torremolinos

25. From the French verb retourner • From The Grand Tour The Word “Tourism”

26. 17th and 18th centuries • Diplomats, businessmen and scholars, wealthy young men • Three year trip was common The Grand Tour

27. Was not superficial – resulted in a very complete knowledge of the places visited, including languages and detailed traditions • Paris, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome, Venice, Germany, the Low Countries, Switzerland and even Greece and Egypt The Grand Tour

28. Tourism and The Grand Tour were very elitist • Many of the locations visited on The Grand Tour are still popular destinations today The Grand Tour (Legacy)

29. The Package Tour • Combined transportation, lodgings, sightseeing, money exchange, etc. • First organized by Thomas Cook (1841) • Cook organized them to allow people to attend temperance meetings (of the Baptist church) • Cook negotiated a special fare due to the large number of people Mass Tourism

30. Cook organized a tour to Paris in 1855 for the expo • By 1864, Cook had offices in Rome, New York, London, Paris and other major cities • Mass tourism is directly connected to religious tourism Mass Tourism

31. The first true mass tourists were religious pilgrims • For reasons of safety, traveling in mass was advisable • The average person worked too hard to afford the time to travel (unless for a religious reason) Religious Pilgrimages

32. Religious pilgrimages often incorporated many of the element of modern travel: • Lodging • Souvenirs (shopping) • Eating (feasts as well as establishments that served food) • Festivals (entertainment, events and holidays) Pilgrimages

33. Religious sites are still popular tourist destinations for believers and non-believers • There was a “pilgrimage season” in medieval Europe, almost like a vacation period Religion and Tourism

34. Relationship between novelty and familiarity • Institutionalized • Organized Mass Tourist • Individual Mass Tourist • Non-Institutionalized • Explorer • Drifter Cohen’s Typology

35. novelty/FAMILIARITY • Least adventurous – prefers “microenvironment” of home country • Guided tour (in air-conditioned bus) • Fixed trip itinerary (makes few, if any, decisions) • Package deal tourism is just another item to buy like a suit or a ballgame ticket Organized Mass Tourist

36. Novelty/FAMILIARITY • Not bound to a group, but… • Most arrangements still made through some kind of tourist-related agency • Most of experiences are the same as the OMT- sticks to well-charted territory • Novelty is somewhat more important, although it is typically routine novelty • A bit more spontaneous?? Individual Mass Tourist

37. Novelty/Familiarity • Makes own arrangements (alone) • Deviates from tried and true routes (although accommodations and transportation are still usually westernized) • Leaves “environmental bubble” but it is never out of sight Explorer

38. Communication is attempted and the common tourist places avoided • Most of the observation is still aesthetic however • No real intellectual communication attempted The Explorer

39. Actually, by avoiding the tried and true, the explorer (hence the name) “discovers” new places and new select elements to visit – thus spearheading new places for mass tourism The Explorer

40. The Drifter

41. A genuine modern phenomenon (a modern take on the Grand Tour, without the formal educational component) • Young • Usually a student • A child of affluence (although he usually reacts against it) • Moves around the world in search of new experiences • Once done, usually rejoins the establishment The Drifter

42. No itinerary • No purpose • Wants to prolong travels (often to avoid “growing up”) • Not concerned with bodily comforts • Prefers “kindred souls” to the host country’s elite The Drifter

43. NOVELTY/familiarity • Shuns connections with other tourists or the tourist establishment • Considers tourist experience to be phony • “Lives” in host community, gets odd-jobs to make money, has no time schedule • Adopts their language, customs, food, clothing • Rejects his home culture almost completely (save memories of dear relatives or very important traditions) Drifter

44. See Your World. Learn Your World. Protect Your World. Ideas Related to Sustainable Tourism