Test Your Memory!

2. Test Your Memory! 1 = Not within the last six months 4 = About once a week 2 = Once or twice in the last six months 5 = Daily 3 = About once a month 6 = More than once a day • How often do you fail to recognize places you’ve been before? • How often do you forget whether you did something, such as lock the door or turn off the lights or the oven? • How often do you forget when something happened – wondering whether it was yesterday or last week? • How often do you forget where you put items such as house keys or your wallet? • How often do you forget something you were told recently and had to be reminded of it? • How often are you unable to remember a word or name, even though it’s “on the tip of your tongue?” • In conversations, how often do you forget what you were just talking about? • TOTAL POINTS? • 7-14 = better than average memory • 15-25 = average • 26 or higher = below average

3. Popular Memory Complaints Names 83% Where you put things (ex: keys) 60% Telephone numbers just checked 57% Specific words 53% Not recalling that you had already told something to someone 49% Faces 42% Directions 41% Forgetting what you started to do 41% Forgetting what you were saying 41% Remembering what you have done (ex: turning off the stove) 38%

4. On a piece of paper….. Name the seven dwarves….. Now name them…..

5. Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things…. If you like Disney movies? When was the last time you have seen the movie? Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate?

6. http://www.youtube.com/v/NhZjxkaCkzk&rel=0&hl=en

7. Definition of Memory • the mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time

8. 3 Processes of Memory • Encoding - transforming information into a form that you can store in your memory • Storage - process of retaining or storing information in memory to use later • Retrieval - process of recovering information stored in our memory into our conscious awareness

9. The Stage Model of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval

10. Magic 7 • It is often interpreted to argue that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2.

11. Sensory Memory – • stage of memory that registers info from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (½ to 3sec)

12. Short-term Memory • active stage of memory in which info is stored for about 30 seconds, also called working memory

13. Maintenance Rehearsal • mental or verbal repetition of info in order to maintain it beyond the usual 30-second duration of short-term memory

14. Chunking • increasing the amount of info that can be held in short term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk

15. Long-term Memory – stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of info

16. Mnemonics – A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something.U V A F C I C R B S A I united valley assoc for critics in california running bob sleds against ice

17. V C R F B I U S A C I A?????? • VCR • FBI • USA • CIA

18. Schema - A pattern imposed on complex reality or experience to assist in explaining it; our mental representation of the world

19. Elaborative Rehearsal – involves focusing on the meaning of info to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXHxxj1oBeI

22. Declarative (Explicit) Memory – info or knowledge that can be consciously remembered

23. Episodic Memory – type of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (“episodes” of life)

24. Semantic Memory – type of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts

25. Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory – info or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously remembered, procedural memories

29. Retrieval Cue – something that helps trigger recall of a piece of info in long-term memory

30. Recall - producing information by searching memory without help from retrieval cues

31. Recognition - test of long-term memory that involves identifying something as familiar

32. Serial Position Effect - Tendency to retrieve information the beginning and ending items of a list better than the middle items • Primacy Effect - Information at the beginning of the sequence is likely to be recalled because it has already been placed in long-term memory • Recency Effect - Information at the end of a sequence is likely to be recalled because it is still in short-term memory

33. Encoding Specificity Principle • Principle that when conditions of when the information was encoded are similar to when the information is retrieved, we are more likely to be able to retrieve the information

34. Mood Congruence - Idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories consistent with that mood

35. Context Effect - Tendency to remember information more easily if you are in the same setting as when you learned the information

36. Flashbulb Memories • The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event.

37. Levels of Processing Framework • The level at which information can be processed determines how well the information will be encoded and later retrieved • Information processed at a “deeper” level is more likely to be retrieved because the meaning of the information is processed

38. Encoding Failure - Memory was never put in long-term memory and therefore can not be recalled or recognized • The White House is pictured on the back of the $20. • $10 ??? • $5 ??? • $1 ???

39. $20 - White House • $10 – US Treasury • $5 – Lincoln Memorial • $1 - The Eye of Providence and the Great Seal

41. If you said ‘A’ you’re right!

42. InterferenceTheory - Memory loss occurs because information stored before or after a given memory makes it hard to remember • Retroactive Interference • When new memories interfere with remembering old memories • Proactive Interference • When old memories interfere with remembering new memories Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

43. Consolidation Failure • Loss due to organic disruption while the memory trace is being formed

44. Motivated Forgetting - Forgetting through suppression or repression in order to protect your self from material that is too painful

45. Tip of the Tongue (TOT) Experience – memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific info is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T36I8Coiz64&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T36I8Coiz64&feature=player embedded

46. False Memories – distorted or inaccurate memory that feels completely real and often has all of the emotional impact of a real memory

47. Misinformation Effect • Phenomenon in which people’s existing memories can be altered by exposing them to misleading info

48. Source Confusion • Memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten • False details provided after the event become confused with the details of the original memory

49. Schema Distortion • False memories are caused by the tendency to fill in missing memory details with information that is consistent with existing knowledge about a topic

50. Imagination Inflation • Phenomenon in which vividly remembering an event increases our confidence that the event actually occurred http://www.youtube.com/v/Mu59KU2RyYs&rel=0&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3