Spatial Models of Urban Land Use (Ch. 13)

1. Spatial Models of Urban Land Use (Ch. 13)

2. Benefits (pros) Drawbacks (cons) Analyzing Urban ModelsConcentric Zone

3. Concentric Zone Model 1920s (Burgess) – land-use pattern follows concentric rings around city center (CBD) Newest settlers in city use older housing near city center (migrants to industrial jobs) Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)

4. Concentric Zone Model Invasion and Succession: Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. Newest settlers in city use older housing near city center (migrants to industrial jobs) Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas (suburbs)

5. Concentric Zone Model Based on class and the bid-rent curve.

6. Concentric Zone Model Bid-rent

7. Sector Model 1939 (Hoyt) - Land use = pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground Industry along river or rails Low-income near industry Middle-income between low and high sectors

8. Hoyt Sector Model Based on class. It describes social structure based on transportation systems rather than distance from the CBD.

9. Benefits (pros) Drawbacks (cons) Analyzing Urban ModelsSector Model

10. Multiple-Nuclei Model Post WW2 - Early days of suburbanization Downtown CBD not only core of business land use Other nuclei develop - special retail districts, office parks, light manufacturing in city Metro areas develop “suburban downtowns” (called “edge cities”) - Tech Center

11. Multiple Nuclei Model

12. Industrial Parks • Much of the growth in industry since WWII has taken place in “Industrial Parks” Definition: Industrial Park – A planned development designed to insure compatibility between industrial operations within and between the industrial tenants and the surrounding community • Attempt to change image of industrial land uses: usually park or campus-like character with landscaped buffer zones

13. Industrial Park Strategies • Zoning, utilities, and sometimes generic rental space provided • Earliest parks established by railroads in Chicago • 1899 Clearing Industrial District • 1905 Central Manufacturing District • Very slow growth of the concept until after WWII • 1940 35 parks in all of USA • 1960 250 parks • By 1980, more than 2,500 • Most all parks are outside American Manufacturing Belt • California, Texas, Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin have the most

14. 4 Main Types of Parks.. • Traditional Park • Focus on light manufacturing, assembly, distribution, warehousing – not on heavy manufacturing • Example: Great Southwest Industrial Park in the Dallas – Ft. Worth “Metroplex” • Easy highway and air access (fly-in concept!) • Plentiful flat land • Average firm is very small • 50% of all tenant firms have less than 10 emps • 75% have less than 50 emps

15. 4 Main Types of Parks.. • Research Park • These havemostly flopped! • One of the successful ones: Research Triangle Park in N.C. • Amenities important (Natural and Cultural) • Draw from academic community • Federal Government helped by locating research operations of several agencies here

16. 4 Main Types of Parks • Science or Technology Park • Hybrid Type • Partly a Research Park-- but not so restrictive; warehousing, distribution, light manufacturing, assembly • Especially important in “High Tech” industries: Electronics, Aerospace, Optics, etc. • Boston region: • Silicon (Santa Clara) Valley in California • Business Park Combo of Industrial and Office Park

17. Benefits (pros) Drawbacks (cons) Analyzing Urban ModelsMultiple Nuclei

18. Problems with all these models: • Too simple • Do not take into account modern transportation corridors. • Availability of cars not considered. • Outer cities became independent and created suburban downtowns. • Creation of edge cities loosen ties to central city. • American suburbs surpassed central cities in total employment by 1973.

19. More problems… • Urban patterns are shaped by an economic trade-off between the desire to live in a suburban neighborhood appropriate to ones economic status and the need to live relatively close to the CBD for employment opportunities. • Assume only one person in the family is a wage worker. Ignore dual income families and households headed by single women who different considerations (childcare). • All created by men who shared assumptions about how cities operate – thus presented a partial view of urban life.

20. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions Consequence of car-dependent urban growth

21. Benefits (pros) Reflects historical movement Pattern can still be seen today. All cities have a CBD Similar to von Thunen. Analyzing Urban ModelsConcentric Zone

22. Drawbacks (cons) Based on Chicago of 1900. Reflects perception of US cities but not the reality. Does not exist in its pure form the US. Upper and Middle classes are moving back into urban center Too simple. Over emphasized residential patterns, and does not give credit other land uses. Assumes there is a strong central city. Urban growth and development proceeds outward from a single central core. Analyzing Urban ModelsConcentric Zone

23. Benefits (pros) Patterns still seen today. More realistic. Can show ethnic variations. Analyzing Urban ModelsSector Model

24. Drawbacks (cons) Does not reflect modern cities. Too simple. Areas around highways tend to be low rent districts. Assumes there is a strong central city. Urban growth and development proceeds outward from a single central core. Analyzing Urban ModelsSector Model

25. Benefits (pros) Takes into account varied factors of decentralization into the structure of the North America city. Encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social factors. Takes ‘car’ into account. Analyzing Urban ModelsMultiple Nuclei

26. Drawbacks (cons) Too simple Equal weight given to all nodes. Analyzing Urban ModelsMultiple Nuclei

27. Contemporary urban trends “New Urbanism” Town Center, Highlands Ranch

28. Words associated w/ but not used in the definition Definition Gentrification A non-example w/ explanation An example w/ explanation

29. Contemporary urban trends Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization