Unit III: Colonial Ways of Life

1. Ch. 3 (NOTEBOOK # 8) Unit III: Colonial Ways of Life

2. Ch. 3 Sec. 1 The Southern Colonies

4. The Southern Economy • Southern Economy • Economy was based on commercial agriculture i.e. cash crops. • tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice, etc. • Led to the rise of plantations=large farms which required many laborers (live on the farm)

7. Tobacco and the Chesapeake • Between 1620 and 1660, the demand for tobacco was greater than the supply=high prices • the larger quantity of tobacco you produced=the more money you make • Required intense manual labor=large work force • Chesapeake Bay region was perfect for tobacco farming • the bay provided an outlet for trade • Most farms were located by rivers so they could access the bay

9. Indentured Servants • Enclosure Movement-poor tenant farmers in England needed jobs • Were willing to become indentured servants • Colonists pay for.. • Transportation, food, clothing, shelter. • Servants must... • Work for the colonist for a number of years. (usually 4) • Significance of “headright system”

10. Rice and Indigo in South Carolina • In 1690, new type of rice was introduced • Planters from Barbados and Jamaica imported African slaves to cultivate it. • Led to rice becoming South Carolina’s $ crop • Why Barbados and Jamaica?

11. Rice and Indigo in South Carolina • In the 1740’s, S.C. began to develop another $ crop • 17 yr. old Eliza Lucas discovered that indigo needed high ground and sandy soil • Good second crop for rice plantations b/c had different harvesting seasons

12. Southern Class Structure • Top= Wealthy Landowners=>gentry • Huge economic and political influence in South • Plantations functioned as self-contained communities

13. 1600’s plantation • Small • Planters worked w/ indentured servants under difficult conditions • 1700’s plantation • Slave labor w/ overseers • Large brick mansions=England’s upper class • Didn’t work their land

14. Southern Class Structure • Bottom=>Backcountry Farmers=>Yeomen • Plantation owners most land along the rivers • Most landowners in the South lived in the “backcountry” • Referred to as yeomen • Grew some tobacco, practice subsistence farming

15. Bacon’s Rebellion • By the 1660’s, wealthy planters lead by Sir William Berkeley (VA governor) dominated Virginia’s society • He controlled legislature • Appointed the House of Burgesses • Received majority of supporters • Exempted himself and his supporters from taxes • Also stated you must have property to vote= ½ of VA voted (wealthy)

16. Bacon’s Rebellion • Most important issue for colonists was acquiring land • By1670, most land not acquired was claimed by N.A.’s • Wealthy had no interest in backcountry=opposed expansion • In 1675, war b/w backcountry settlers and Susquehannock people • Governor Berkeley built more forts in frontier for protection

17. Bacon’s Rebellion • In April 1676, backcountry farmers met to discuss the situation • Nathaniel Bacon organized his own militia and attacked the N.A.’s • House of Burgesses authorized Bacon to raise a force of 1,000 • Allowed free men to vote • Took away tax exemptions • Bacon still wasn’t satisfied • He went to Jamestown and seized power, charged Gov. Berkeley w/ corruption • Bacon vs. Berkeley until Oct. 1676, Bacon died and his army broke apart

19. Slavery Increases In VA • From 1680, VA colony supported westward expansion • African slaves=replaced indentured servants • Didn’t have to be freed • English government encouraged slavery w/ King Charles establishing the Royal African Company

20. Slavery In the Colonies • Middle Passage=voyage that brought captured Africans to the Americas from Africa • Estimated 10 to 12 million Africans • 2 million believed to have died on the voyage • Read pg. 89 OlaudahEquiano

22. Slavery In the Colonies • 1st Africans arrived in VA in 1619 • Were treated like indentured servants • Maryland became the 1st colony to deny their rights in 1638. By 1660, most southern colonies limited their rights

23. Slavery In the Colonies • In 1705, VA created a slave code • Became more harsh over time • Denied rights to property and couldn’t testify against white people • Became an accepted institution in colonial society, especially the southern colonies

24. Ch. 3 Sec. 2 The economies of New England and The Middle Colonies

25. New England Economy

27. New England Economy • New England’s economy was very diverse • Agriculture- subsistence farming=grew corn, beans, peas, pumpkins, squash, turnips, barley, oats, and rye • Apples, cranberries, blackberries, and strawberries • Livestock= cows, horses, sheep, and pigs

28. New England Economy • Fishing- Grand Banks=region of Atlantic Ocean where Gulf Stream and North Atlantic meet, produces plankton= food supply for fish and whales • Fish= cod, mackerel, halibut, and herring • Whales=used blubber for making candles, lamp oil, ambergris (perfume), and bones (buttons and combs).

29. New England Economy • Lumbering in NE=dense forests+waterfalls (powered sawmills)= development of lumber industry • Lumber was used for furniture, doorframes, spinning wheels, construction materials, barrels, and shipbuilding • English merchants bought ships from New England=30%-50% cheaper

30. Life In New England Towns • New England’s social life centered around the town • Puritans believed that they should come together to form church covenants • Agreements to worship together • Land was given to groups of Puritans to form towns • Town meetings=local gov’t • Passed laws and elected officials

31. Life In New England Towns • Selectmen- men chosen to manage town affairs, elected annually • Appointed other town officials: clerks, constables, and justices • Town meetings helped the people establish the rights to govern themselves

32. Triangular Trade • Triangular Trade • Multi-directional trading between the colonies, the Caribbean, and England that increased trade, and which resulted in the emergence of large cities in the colonies.

33. Triangular Trade

34. Triangular Trade

35. Urban Society

36. New Urban Society • Rapid development of cities caused many problems • Overcrowding, crime, pollution, and epidemics • Gov’ts established offices to deal with problems

38. Society in the Middle Colonies • Middle Colonies=PA, NY, NJ, and DE= most fertile farmland in North America • Produced surplus of crops=$ • Long growing seasons • Grew rye, oats, barley, potatoes, and wheat($ crop)

39. Society of the Middle Colonies • Growth of Middle Colonies • Sold wheat and flour to Caribbean • Had 3 rivers that led to Middle Colonies interior • Allowed for trade • Cities grew where rivers led to Atlantic Ocean (NYC and Philadelphia)

41. Social Classes of the Middle Colonies • Wheat Boom • B/W the years 1720-1770= wheat prices doubled • Increase in demand=increase in pop. • Changed society • Farmers hired immigrants to work • Entrepreneurs risked money on land, equipment, and supplies=sold to immigrants to make profit • Capitalists invested money in new businesses • Gristmills=produced flour • Glass and Pottery • Social Classes of M.C.= • 1stWealthy Entrepreneurs • 2ndfarmers • 3rdlandless workers=rented their land