EOC REVIEW STUDY GUIDE

1.1 Colonial Regions

1.1 Colonial Regions 3 Colonial Regions: New England, Middle/Mid-Atlantic, and Southern. New England was the most religiously intolerant – Puritans Middle Colonies were the most diverse population and most tolerant. Southern Colonies were made up of plantations and had the great social stratification – rich, poor, etc. The colonial governments were influenced by England’s government – Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, etc. During the colonial period, England’s policy toward the American colonies was “salutary neglect” meaning the colonies ran their own affairs.

1.2 Roots of American Government

1.2 Roots of Government The Glorious Revolution: England’s King was overthrown and replaced by William and Mary who agreed to the English Bill of Rights. Social Contract: John Locke’s idea that governments’ power come from the people and the people have the right to overthrow the government if it does not protect their rights. The French and Indian War caused a huge debt for England. The period of “salutary neglect” ended because England started taxing the colonies heavily to pay the debt. Examples: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Tea Act, etc. This led the colonists to create the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, protest the taxes, and boycott British goods. “Shot heard round the world” was at the first battle of the Revolution. It is called this because it inspired other groups in the world to start revolutions. (France, Latin America, etc.)

1.3 Declaration of Independence

1.3 Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence stated the colonists’ belief in the need for a limited government. It was based on John Locke’s ideas of natural rights and social contract. It has a long list of things “He” (the King) did to violate the colonists’ rights. This was meant to persuade people still loyal to the King to join the revolution. Battle of Saratoga was a victory for the Patriots and resulted in France supporting America. The Second Continental Congress met during the war to provide funding and troops for the war and Yorktown was the final battle of the war; the colonists won.

1.4 Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution

1.4 Articles of Confederation vs. The Constitution States have sovereignty (ability to make decisions). The central (aka federal/national) government did NOT have the power to raise taxes. There was no standing army. No leverage in diplomacy (relations with other countries) because there was no army to back up words. Central government did NOT have the ability to control commerce between states. No executive branch. Federal government has sovereignty. The central government DID have the power to raise taxes. There was a standing army. President/ national government was given power to negotiate with other countries NOT states. Central government had the ability to control commerce between states. 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial.

1.5 Principles of the Constitution

1.5 Principles of the Constitution The Constitution created a strong central government. Those who supported it were called “Federalists,” while those who opposed it were called “Anti-Federalists.” Anti-Federalists were backcountry farmers who thought that the government gave too much power to the elite (rich) in the central government. Anti-Federalists wanted more power in the state governments because they were closer and more responsive to their demands. In order to persuade the Anti-Federalists to agree to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights was added to protect individuals’ rights against the government. The Federalist Papers were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to convince New York to ratify (approve the Constitution).

1.5 Principles of the Constitution The Framers of the Constitution feared the “uncontrolled will of the people” (idiots running government). So, the Constitution allowed Senators to be appointed by the state governments (indirect election) and the electoral college system in order to make sure an idiot is not elected President. System of Checks and Balances: made sure one branch didn’t get too strong (president’s veto power)

1.6 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

1.6 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans After the war, Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) was the Secretary of the Treasury. He came up with a plan to help the economy and pay off the war debt. This plan led to the first two political parties: Federalists (supported Hamilton’s plan) and Democratic-Republicans (opposed Hamilton’s plan).

1.6 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Alexander Hamilton Issue bonds (loans to the government) to rich citizens in order to pay off the war debt. Wanted the rich to have a stake in the government. National government pays for the states’ war debts. Establish a national bank that could give loans to people wanting to start businesses. Believed in the “elastic clause” of the Constitution, meaning the government can take powers not specifically given by the Constitution. Did not support the French Revolution. Merchants, wealthy people Thomas Jefferson Against issuing government bonds. Wanted the government to be moved further south, so it was moved to Washington DC. Very against a national bank because this was not a power specifically listed in the Constitution. Had a “strict interpretation” of the Constitution, meaning the government can only do things specifically stated by the Constitution. Small farmers

1.7 Government Expansion of Power

1.7 Government Expansion of Power John Marshall was one of the first Supreme Court Chief Justices. The cases that he decided resulted in the federal government gaining more power than the states. He favored the views and principles of the Federalists (strong government) over the Democratic-Republicans (weak/states have more power). Marbury vs. Madison was a case in which the Supreme Court decided that the Supreme Court had the right to declare laws passed by Congress to be “unconstitutional” or “constitutional.” Earlier, the Democratic-Republicans had said in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions that states had the right to ignore federal laws that they believed were unconstitutional. So Marbury vs. Madison went against that and said the states did not have the power of “nullification,” but that the Supreme Court had the right of “judicial review.”

2.1 Westward Expansion

2.1 Westward Expansion When Americans moved west, there was a growth in nationalism (pride in country) because of the idea that Americans were strong enough to settle the west. President Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory despite his belief in a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution, meaning it did not give the president the power to purchase land. In the 1820s and 1830s, states dropped the property requirement for males to vote in favor of universal male suffrage. Native Americans in the southeast responded to whites encroaching on their land through resistance (fighting) and assimilation (resolving conflicts without fighting). In the 1830s, the Civil War almost occurred. Congress passed a high tariff that the South hated. The South wanted to use “nullification,” but the tariff was later lowered.

2.2 Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny

2.2 Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy that warned European countries not to try to re-establish any of their colonies in the Western Hemisphere (North and South America). The Monroe Doctrine was America’s policy in the early 1800s, but it was not a very important policy because the U.S. did not have the military to back it up. The Monroe Doctrine depended on Great Britain’s military backing up the policy. The Monroe Doctrine became more important later on in the early 20th century when T. Roosevelt used the Monroe Doctrine to involve America in the affairs of Latin America. Manifest Destiny was the idea that Americans had a God-given right to all of the land in North America. Americans moved to Texas and started a revolution when Mexico would not allow them to use slaves. Texas was its own country. Texas was not added as a state into the U.S. because it would upset the “balance of power” between free and slave states.

2.2 Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny James K. Polk was the best example of a Manifest Destiny president. He started the Mexican-American War, which gave America California, New Mexico, and Arizona (Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo).

2.3 Regional Differences

2.3 Regional Differences The economy of the North was based on finance, industry, and manufacturing, while the South and West were agricultural. The North attracted immigrants from German and Ireland to work in factories in large towns and cities, while the South relied on slaves which hurt the development of cities. The creation of the National Bank by the government was a huge controversy. The South and West opposed it because they believed it gave too much power to northern factory owners. In a plan called the “American System,” the West supported the North’s plan for a protective tariff to help the north’s businesses, so the North supported internal improvements. Internal improvements were roads, bridges, etc. for the West.

2.4 Sectionalism; Abolitionism

2.4 Sectionalism, Abolitionism The North had more cities than the South because the North had more navigable rivers and immigrants for labor. African Americans were not allowed to vote in the North. Abolitionists were people who wanted to end slavery everywhere. They wrote books, newspaper articles, started slave rebellions, etc. Abolitionists split over whether or not to use violence or the political process and whether or not to allow women to speak in public. The women’s rights movement grew out of the abolitionist movement. The Seneca Falls Convention was the first convention for women’s rights.

3.1 Causes of the Civil War

3.1 Causes of the Civil War As Americans moved west, new states were added. Each new state increased the debate over slavery because Congress had to decide whether or not to allow slavery in new states. Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be slave, Maine was added as a free state, and a line was drawn to separate new slave states from new free states. Compromise of 1850 introduced the idea of popular sovereignty because it was decided that new states won from Mexico would be able to vote to allow or not allow slavery. The abolitionist movement did not impact the actions of the federal government because of the “gag rule.” Uncle Tom’s Cabin made people in the North feel sorry for slaves and angry over the Fugitive Slave Law. John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry increased the South’s hatred of the North.

3.1 Causes of the Civil War The Republican Party started during the time period of “Bleeding Kansas” and took a position of “free soil” on slavery, meaning all new states would be free not slave. The Dred Scott decided that slaves were property, not citizens The Dred Scott case also said the Missouri Compromise’s line was unconstitutional because slaves were property everywhere (even in the North). The election of Lincoln led the South to secede because they believed the Lincoln would not allow slavery to expand into new states.

3.2 The Civil War

3.2 The Civil War Union advantages: industrial capacity, railroads, more people, a Navy, political leadership South advantages: cotton, trading relationship with Great Britain, military leadership, and fighting a defensive war. Lincoln’s objective at the beginning of the war was to preserve the Union. He did not free the slaves because he was afraid the border states with slaves would secede. Later, the Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery a goal of the war, which meant Great Britain could no longer support the South. The Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in the Confederate states, not the border states. Blacks ran across into the North after the Emancipation Proclamation. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment (all black) fought in the Civil War for the North. North’s strategy was Total War, straining the economic resources and manpower of the South.

3.3 Reconstruction

3.3 Reconstruction The main goal of Reconstruction was to make sure the southern states rejoined America and fully participated. Democracy expanded in the South as a result of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which gave blacks the right to vote and be full citizens. The Freedman’s Bureau was a relief organization designed to help blacks adjust to life after being a slave. While the U.S. military stayed in the South, blacks enjoyed their full rights. Republicans took control of state governments in the South – carpetbaggers and scalawags. After the Civil War, most blacks stayed on the same plantations where they were slaves and were sharecroppers and tenant farmers. Radical Republicans wanted full equality for blacks and “40 acres and a mule” meaning blacks would be given land taken away from white people, but this never happened.

3.4 End of Reconstruction

3.4 End of Reconstruction Because of an economic depression, the federal government did not focus on protecting blacks’ rights anymore and the military left the South. When this happened, Democrats took back control of the state’s governments and blacks lost all of the rights they had gained during Reconstruction. The KKK and other vigilante groups were able to intimidate blacks and others to prevent them from having political (government) power. The South would remain under the control of Democrats until the 1970s. This is called the time period of “Solid South.” The Compromise of 1877 caused the military to leave the South. Jim Crow Laws were passed which allowed blacks southern state governments to separate blacks and whites in public facilities. They also limited voting rights through poll taxes and literacy tests. The Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson established “separate but equal” meaning Jim Crow Laws were ok and “constitutional.”

3.5 Prominent African Americans

3.5 Prominent African Americans Booker T. Washington believed African Americans should focus on getting blue-collar jobs – especially farming. He gave a speech that blacks called the “Atlanta Compromise.” In the speech, he asked Southern white men to hire blacks and black would accept segregation. African Americans in the North did not like Washington and called his ideas “gradualism” (moving too slow) and “accommodation” (giving whites everything they wanted). WEB Dubois believed blacks should have white collar jobs and full equality. He started the NAACP and wanted a “talented tenth” of well-educated blacks who would be leaders. De jure segregation: segregation based on laws that were passed – in the South. De facto segregation: segregation that evolved over years because of prejudice but was not based on laws – in the North. Ida Wells Barnett devoted her life to an anti-lynching campaign. She disagreed with Booker T. Washington because his ideas were accommodation to whites.

4.1 The Transcontinental Railroad

4.1 The Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad helped develop a national market, meaning people could buy and sell things across the country. The Transcontinental Railroad resulted in the Plains Indians losing their way of life based on the buffalo. Indians in the west were forced to move off of their lands and onto reservations in a very similar way to the Trail of Tears. A new strategy was used in which Indians were given lands for families (not tribes) and tribal organizations were banned. The last major conflict between Indians and the government was Wounded Knee, South Dakota. It resulted in Indians being in poverty and without a voice in the government.

4.2 Government Policies Helping Businesses

4.2 Government Policies Help Business The Republican Party had policies which helped businesses during the 19th century such as tariffs. Immigrants were needed as a cheap source of labor, so the government allowed unlimited immigration except for the Chinese Exclusion Act. When workers started forming unions and going on strike, the government supported the owners, not the workers. Also, when businesses were producing too much supply, the government began looking for new territories to take over in order to provide new markets to sell American goods.

4.3 Capitalism in the Late 19th Century

4.3 Capitalism in the Late 19th Century Businesses started growing very large in the late 19th century and the rights of workers in America were neglected. The railroad was a huge success for the economy because it allowed people to transport and sell their goods, and it also helped the steel, lumber, meat packing, and coal industries. Industrial leaders (i.e. Rockefeller) drove out their competitors and maximized profits through horizontal and vertical integration. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed in the late 1800s to help prevent monopolies and encourage competition, but it did not work. Business owners believed the strongest businesses survived and the weaker businesses deserve to die – Social Darwinism. Business owners also believed in “laissez-faire policies,” meaning the government does not interfere with the economy. The standard of living rose for most people, but farmers and factory workers still struggled.

4.4 Populism

4.4 Populism In the late 19th century, farmers were able to produce more crops because of mechanization of farm equipment (machines) and because of the steel plow. When supply was greater than demand, prices fell and farmers lost their money and could not pay the loan for the land. They voted politicians into state legislatures who passed Granger Laws which regulated the railroads and made them charge less to farmers for transporting crops. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was set up to regulate the railroads going from state to state, but the Supreme Court greatly limited what the ICC could do. So, the farmers started a national political party called the Populist Party. The Populist Party wanted regulation of railroads and free coinage of silver (bimetallism). Factory workers began organizing into labor unions in the late 19th century in order to collectively bargain with bosses and protect workers’ rights.

4.4 Populism In major strikes in the late 19th century, the government sided with the owners. Also, violence during strikes turned public opinion against the labor unions. Labor unions were NOT “socialist” or “communist” organizations. They did not want to start a revolution. They simply wanted better hours and wages for their workers. William Jennings Bryan was a Democrat who also represented ideas the Populist Party favored, including bimetallism. He lost the election out of fear food prices would rise.

4.5 Urbanization

4.5 Urbanization In the late 19th century, farmers had better equipment and started producing more. This was not good for them, however, because it drove the price of food down. Cities grew in the late 19th century because they were centers of industrial production (factories). Farmers moved to the cities because they could not afford to farm anymore. Nativism (hatred of immigrants) increased in the late 19th century as immigrants from western and southern Europe came to America. Political machines were corrupt, but helped immigrants find jobs and places to live. In return, the immigrants voted for the party they were told to vote for. During strikes, African Americans were often used as “strikebreakers” (scabs) and this led people in the cities to hate them.

4.6 Progressive Movement

4.6 Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement was made up of groups of middle class citizens who were tired of paying taxes to corrupt governments and wanted better services. Members of the media called “muckrakers” investigated problems such as the power of monopolies, corruption of political machines, and problems facing workers and immigrants. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair resulted in the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act to make sure food was safe. Women fought for suffrage, but women’s groups were split between one group who wanted a national amendment (Alice Paul) while another wanted a state-by-state approach (Carrie Chapman Catt). Theodore Roosevelt used the “bully pulpit” to tell coal mining owners to negotiate with their workers. Bully pulpit means he used the attention he got as president to put pressure on the owners. Woodrow Wilson passed a law against child labor, but the Supreme Court called the law ‘unconstitutional’ and struck it down.

4.6 Progressive Movement The Federal Reserve Bank was created to control the circulation of money. This made farmers happy because they wanted the government to allow more money to be in circulation. Many of the goals of the Progressive Movement were never achieved, especially after World War I started and individuals’ rights such as free speech were limited.

5.1 American Expansionism

5.1 American Expansionism In the late 19th century, the reason the United States expanded was NOT farm land or Manifest Destiny, but because the economy needed new markets to sell products. During cycles of depression in the 19th century, businesses’ products were not being purchased, so new territories would help businesses during those times by buying products. Social Darwinism was the idea that American people and culture were dominant and stronger and therefore had the right to take over other weaker nations. The United States gained a status as the a world power after the Spanish-American War.

5.2 The Spanish-American War

5.2 Spanish-American War Yellow Journalism was one cause of the Spanish-American War. Newspapers had stories which caused Americans to want to help Cuba overthrow Spain in their revolution. The explosion of the USS Maine was another cause of the war because the public assumed it was Spain’s fault. The publication of the DeLome Letter was another cause. In this letter, a member of the Spanish government made fun of U.S. President McKinley. This angered America even more. Anti-Imperialists argued against annexation of the Philippines after the war because Filipinos could never be assimilated into American culture. The Treaty of Paris ended the war and gave the US control over the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court ruled that Filipinos and others in territories conquered by the US do not have rights under the Constitution.

5.3 Presidential Diplomacy

5.3 Presidential Diplomacy In China, European countries (Great Britain, France, etc) had “spheres of influence” where they had special privileges for trading with the Chinese. So, the United State issued the Open Door Policy. This asked European countries not to block the United States’ trade with China. This policy worked, but only because the United States was close friends with Great Britain, who had a strong enough military to back up the policy. The Platt Amendment was added to Cuba’s constitution and resulted in American supervision over Cuban affairs and American military bases in Cuba. America helped Panama revolt and overthrow Colombia in order to build a canal. Roosevelt’s “Roosevelt Corollary” (aka Big Stick Diplomacy) gave the US the role of “policeman” in Latin America when the US paid off Latin Americans’ debts to Europe for them. Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” and Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy also resulted in the United States being more involved in the affairs of Latin America, causing Latin Americans to resent the US.

5.4 World War I

5.4 World War I Nationalism caused WWI because nations wanted to start their own countries. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by nationalist Serbs, which started the war. After the Lusitania was sank by German U-Boats the Germany government decided to restrict their submarine warfare to keep America out of the war. When Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare again, Wilson wanted war. Wilson thought he could be in control of the peace treaty to end the war on his terms. During the war, US propaganda painted German’s as “Huns” and Germans faced discrimination. The Sedition Acts also limited free speech in America. Wilson’s plan was the Fourteen Points: freedom of the seas, ending secret treaties, reduction in arms, self-determination of peoples (have their own countries), and League of Nations. In order to get the League of Nations into the treaty, Wilson had to allow Britain and France to blame the entire war on Germany (war guilt clause).

5.5 America Rejects Internationalism

5.5 America Rejects Internationalism The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles because Republicans did not like the idea of “collective security” meaning countries make decisions together. In the Election of 1920, Americans rejected the idea of “internationalism” in favor of “isolationism.” Even though voters rejected internationalism, America was still more involved in the world after World War I because of economics and trade with other countries. During the 1930s, Congress would pass laws making it harder for the US to get itself involved in wars. This would allow Hitler’s rise to power to be easier.

6.1 Society in the Roaring 20s

6.1 Society in the Roaring 20s Henry Ford’s idea of mass production made consumer goods (refrigerators, sewing machines, etc) cheaper and easier for more people to afford. The installment plan helped the economy, but would later lead to the Depression when people were not able to buy consumer goods anymore because of the debt they were in. During the 20s, blacks began moving to cities in the north and Midwest, and a black middle class developed. The radio helped expose Americans to the same shows and music and a common culture developed.

6.2 Changes During the 1920s

6.2 Changes During the 1920s During the 1920s, the majority of Americans lived in cities, which caused great changes. Many people focused on modern scientific ideas, while other preferred traditional conservatism. Women gained suffrage with the 19th Amendment, but continued to make less money than men and were not hired as easily. Xenophobia (hatred of immigrants) and the Red Scare (fear of communism) led to the Palmer Raids, when over 500 immigrants were deported on suspicion they were anarchists. The Scopes Trial illustrated the conflict between religious fundamentalists and scientific liberalism when a teacher was arrested for teaching evolution in schools.

6.3 The Great Depression

6.3 The Great Depression During the 1920s, demand for consumer goods began to decline as people went into debt. Also, overproduction made prices too low. There was a growing gap between the rich and the poor. Even though productivity was going up, wages were not going up. Many farmers lost their farms during the 1920s because of overproduction and prices of food coming from other countries was cheaper. During the 20s, Republican presidents and the Supreme Court were no longer “progressive” and instead took a “laissez-faire” approach to business. The Federal Reserve’s “easy credit policy” (easy loans) led to more stock market speculation (buying stocks in hopes to sell them for more money later). The Federal Reserve then tightened the money supply once the Depression started. This caused the Depression to last longer because it was harder to people to get loans.

6.4 FDR’s The New Deal

6.4 FDR’s “The New Deal” FDR’s New Deal plan did not end the Great Depression, the government’s spending on World War II did. Liberal critics said the New Deal should have done more to redistribute money from the rich to the poor. Conservative critics said the New Deal was too expensive and socialistic. Many New Deal programs, like Social Security, did nothing to end the Depression, but are still important today in the economy in preventing another Depression. The government still uses deficit spending (going into debt) to prevent sever depressions from occurring. The New Deal was not helpful to women and blacks. The New Deal included many goals of the Progressive Movement from before (ending child labor) but also received a lot of criticism, just like the Progressive Movement.

7.1 World War II- America Enters

7.1 WWII– America Enters During the 1930s, Congress passed “neutrality acts” which were isolationist policies that made it harder for the US to start wars. This allowed Hitler to come to power easier. As Hitler invaded European countries, America began supplying the Allies to fight Hitler through “Cash and Carry” and the “Lend Lease” policies. The attack on Pearl Harbor (Hawaii) on December 7th, 1941, by Japan caused America to declare war and enter WWII.

World War II

7.2 World War II- The Homefront

7.2 WWII- The Homefront FDR convinced businesses to convert to producing war materials before the US entered WWII. The national government managed the economy during WWII by controlling resources, prices, and wages for workers. Because young males were needed to fight, women and minorities (blacks) were urged to work in factories to produce things needed to fight the war. FDR issued an order which required businesses to hire blacks in equal numbers during World War II. Japanese people in America were moved into internment camps without any evidence that they had done anything wrong. Also, Jim Crow Laws continued and young Mexican-Americans were being attacked in Los Angeles during WWII.

7.3 World War II- The Big Three

7.3 WWII-“The Big Three” During WWII, the US and the Soviet Union were only Allies because they were enemies of Germany. The US and the Soviet Union did not trust each other because of their very different governments. The Soviet Union wanted the US to start another “front” to take some pressure off, but the US would not. The Pacific Ocean, the US was “island-hopping,” meaning taking back islands lost to Japan and getting closer and closer to Japan. The US asked the Soviet Union to invade Korea in order to get closer to Japan to invade. So after WWII, the Soviet military occupied Korea—leading to the Korean War. The use of nuclear bombs by the US in Japan caused the Soviet Union’s distrust of the US to increase.

7.4 World War II-The Holocaust

7.4 World War II- The Holocaust The government’s spending on jobs and war materials caused America to get out of the Great Depression. The Holocaust was based on Social Darwinism and long-standing prejudices against Jews. The U.S. and Allies did nothing during the war to stop The Final Solution (Holocaust). 12 Nazis were sentenced to death for at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. These trials began the precedence that individuals are responsible for their actions during war. It does not matter if they were just “following orders.” Israel was a country created by the US and other countries after WWII to give the Jews a place to live.

The Holocaust

7.5 The Cold War

7.5 The Cold War After WWII, the Soviet Union wanted to create a buffer zone of with countries in between it and Germany. The US wanted these countries to have fair elections for their governments. The “Iron Curtain” was the area where the Soviet Union controlled governments in Europe. The US policy during The Cold War was “containment” meaning containing and stopping Communism from spreading to new countries. The US used its military to stop communism (Korea, Vietnam) and also used money to help governments stop communism (Marshall Plan in Europe). There was another Red Scare in the 1940s and 50s. McCarthyism was when government officials were accused of being Communists when most were innocent. The Bay of Pigs Invasion failed in trying to overthrow the Communist government of Cuba. Then, the Soviet Union tried to move missiles into Cuba, but was stopped- that was the closest the US ever came to war with the Soviet Union.

7.5 The Cold War The Eisenhower Doctrine expanded containment policy to the Middle East. The “Shah” was made ruler of Iran by the CIA through a revolution in order to have a country right next to the Soviet Union controlled by the US. The Shah of Iran was overthrown by the people of Iran in the 1970s and 150 American hostages were taken. Also, the US gave weapons to groups fighting the USSR in Afghanistan. The Cold War ended because the Soviet Union changed its government policies and the arms race bankrupted the Soviet Union.

The Cold War

7.6 Societal Changes after WWII

7.6 Societal Changes After WWII The Cold War resulted in the government spending more on education in order to beat the Soviets in the space race, since the Soviets launched Sputnik first. The G.I. Bill helped veterans of WWII pay for college, start businesses, or buy homes. This helped the economy and led to the “baby boom” increase in birthrates. The national government also built new Interstate Highway system which accelerated suburbanization and also resulted in white people leaving the cities as more blacks came (white flight). There was a shift towards “white-collar” jobs after the war in the U.S. and people were now able to buy consumer goods that were not being built during WWII like refrigerators. Developments in science led to penicillin being used as an antibiotic and technology for farming led to an increase in the amount of food.

7.6 Societal Changes After WWII Women gained jobs during WWII as men fought, but lost those jobs as men came home. They went back into being stay-at-home moms and many were bored with this. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Freidan launched the women’s rights movement when she wrote about stay-at-home moms who wanted to work like men.

8.1 The Civil Rights Movement

8.1 The Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement came from the promises by the Declaration of Independence and the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments which had not been kept. During World War II, blacks gained jobs but lost them when whites returned home. They also were forced to fight in segregated units during the war. Members of the Civil Rights movement used non-violence. They brought attention to Jim Crow laws by purposely violating the laws and being arrested. The Civil Rights movement was successful in getting the support from many presidents like Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. The Black Power movement (violence) and riots in the north turned many people in the US against the civil rights movement.

8.1 The Civil Rights Movement Women’s rights movement also gained momentum during Civil Rights. Roe vs. Wade was the Supreme Court case which gave women the right to have an abortion.

One of the Little Rock Nine

8.2 LBJ and Richard Nixon

8.2 LBJ and Richard Nixon Johnson’ Great Society plan was an extension of the New Deal (government helping people) – the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Medicare and Medicaid. Johnson was a Democrat, but Democrats in the South did not like the Great Society because it helped African Americans. Johnson also supported civil rights, angering the South. Richard Nixon (Republican) won the election of 1968 using the “southern strategy” which was a plan to gain votes from the South using racism. The South switched from “Solid South” Democrats to the Republicans. Nixon passed many laws to help the environment, such as the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. He also created the EPA, Environmental Protection Agency. Spending on the Vietnam War caused inflation, while economic growth stagnated. This is called “stagflation.” Nixon imposed price controls to stop this, but it was unpopular with other Republicans.

8.3 Mistrust of the US Government

8.3 Mistrust of the US Government The US fought a group called the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War in order to stop communism from spreading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed which gave the president the power to raise troops for the war without Congress’ approval. Americans who were in favor of the war were called “war hawks,” while those against the war were called “doves.” The Tet Offensive by the Viet Cong led to the public being against the Vietnam War and wanting an end. Nixon promised to bring the war to a close, but increased the war by bombing nearby Cambodia where Viet Cong were hiding. This led to protests, including one at Kent State University which ended with college student protestors being killed.

8.3 Mistrust of the US Government Americans no longer trusted the government because of the terrible things which happened during the war, including the My Lai Massacre, the use of Agent Orange and napalm. The Pentagon Papers were released in the New York Times and showed that the government had been giving false information to Americans about how the war was going. The Watergate Scandal was when Nixon used “plumbers” to break-in the headquarters of Democrats, leading to Nixon resigning as president.

The Vietnam War1965-1975

“Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?”

8.4 The Conservative Movement

8.4 The Conservative Movement In the case of Brown vs. Board of Education, the Supreme Court said that separate facilities for blacks and whites were unconstitutional. This started the conservative movement. Conservatives were AGAINST the integration of public schools. Liberals support an active government that helps people (New Deal, Great Society) while conservatives are opposed to an active government and want more power for states. Liberals opposed the Vietnam War (doves) while conservatives supported it (hawks). Conservative radio show hosts and cable tv increased support for the conservative movement. Ronald Reagan became president in 1980 and cut taxes for the upper class (rich) in hopes that the money would “trickle down” to the rest of society (supply-side economics). Trickle-down also involves ending government rules and regulations on businesses in order for them to be able to prosper. Liberals disagreed with this approach and wanted the government to help regular people (demand-side).

LIBERALS

CONSERVATIVES

8.5 The Past 25 Years

8.5 The Past 25 Years Globalization means that countries are becoming more dependent on each other through trade relationships. NAFTA- the North American Free Trade Agreement eliminated trade barriers (i.e. tariffs) to allow America to trade more with countries in the western hemisphere like Mexico. Globalization is also leading to other countries’ economies like China competing with America. The US is still the world’s largest economy. Since the 1980s, the budget deficits (government losing money each year) has led to a larger national debt. George W. Bush was elected in 2000. Because of 9/11, the government began spending more money and took on more debt. Barack Obama was elected in 2008 as the first black president. Obama passed a stimulus package to help the economy, but conservatives opposed it because it increased deficit spending. The government’s debt continues to grow, but the gap between the rich and the poor also continues to grow.

BUDGET DEFICITS

8.6 US Involvement in the World

8.6 US Involvement in the World Conservatives believe the Cold War ended because Ronald Reagan spent more on the military, while liberals give credit to leaders of the Soviet Union for changing their policies. The Soviet Union failed because of internal problems, not because of the United States’ policy of “containment.” The United States became the world’s leading superpower after the Cold War. The United States has become more involved in the Middle East because of its dependence on foreign oil and because of terrorism. On 9/11/2001, terrorists of the group al Qaeda carried out attacks in NYC and Washington DC. As a result, the U.S. sent military forces to overthrow the government of Afghanistan because they had harbored al Qaeda. The US also is still involved in trying to manage the issue of Israel vs. Palestine, with very little success. The Middle East is still a major area of concern for American foreign policy.

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