jck1@york.ac.uk

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Towards Global Co-operation on Air Pollution Issues Johan Kuylenstierna Stockholm Environment Institute ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ jck1@york.ac.uk

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Aims of the Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • A framework for dialogue and co-operation among regional air pollution organizations • Encourage harmonization of systems and approaches in key areas to facilitate co-operation at regional, inter-continental, hemispheric and global scales • Provide a Forum for debate on wider issues of common concern, such as the interaction of climate change and pollution. • Encourage capacity building in existing networks and establish new regional networks where needed ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Origins and Development of the Forum ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Initiated at the 13th World Clean Air Congress in 2004 by • IUAPPA and SEI at behest of regional networks • Forum brings together main regional policy networks and • research initiatives promoting action on air pollution at • regional and hemispheric scales • Has an International Board and work programme • developed by a management Committee comprising CAI, • SEI, IUAPPA, UNEP, LRTAP, APINA, IANABIS • Secretariat run by SEI and IUAPPA • Core funds secured for next three years of programme ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Issues: ……increasing scales of pollutant impact…….….Common regional and local problems….…..a lack of cooperation between initiatives and regions….. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Air pollutants act at a range of scales

6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Shared Problem: urban-scale air pollution ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Hector Jorquera ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Regional haze problem is increasing around the globe ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Brown haze over Nepal, UNEP ABC Assessment report 2002 Pollution haze over Bay of Bengal December 2004 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Regional haze problem is increasing around the globe Latin America: Large scale distribution of heavy smoke from biomass burning in Amazonia Africa: Image of the River of Smoke event (Source: NASA & CSIR) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Continental scale transport of man-made sulphur ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ European Sources North American Sources Tarrason & Iversen, 1998 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Global Transport of Ozone Model calculations for Mace Head, Ireland by Derwent et al. 2002

11. Regional Networks ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • UN Economic Commission for Europe Convention on LRTAP • European Union Initiatives: Clean Air For Europe (CAFÉ) • Malé Declaration in South Asia • Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) • CAI-Asia /Africa/ L. America (Clean Air Initiatives) • EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in EAST ASIA) • APINA (Air Pollution Information Network for Africa) • IANABIS (Inter-American Network for Atmospheric / Biospheric Studies) • Canada-USA Air Quality Agreement • Central Asian Republics Agreement ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Forum’s Programme: Three Linked Strands ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Supporting Inter-Governmental Networks and Regional Initiatives • Methodology Convergence and Capacity Building • Consensus Building and Policy Development ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Supporting Inter-Governmental Networks and Regional Initiatives - Goals ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Strengthen or develop regional initiatives and inter-governmental agreements capable of securing more effective co-operative control of air pollution Create a global framework of cooperation between the regions contributing to effective co-operative action to tackle increasing pollution at all scales, including the hemispheric and global ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Supporting Inter-Governmental Networks and Regional Initiatives - Details ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Progress • Proposals for opening LRTAP Convention to general accession • First discussion paper: Atmospheric pollution – developing a global Approach • Plans • Support emergence in Africa and Latin America of Inter-governmental structures and strengthen existing networks • Support and strengthen the existing Asian regional networks, and co-operation among them • Develop framework for co-operation between LRTAP and networks • Promote dialogue on opportunities for air pollution to be considered more effectively at the global scale. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Methodology Convergence and Capacity Building - Goals ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Common international good practice and standards derived from progressive harmonisation of currently diverse technical systems and standards. Systems to render these accessible to regional networks in developing areas, and to enhance their capacity to use and build upon them. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Methodology Convergence and Capacity Building - details ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Progress • First collaborative technical project: inter-regional co-operation on emission inventories • Plans • Preparing scientific networks (APCEN and CORNET) for global activity • Continue harmonization programme on emission inventories • Replication of the approach in respect of monitoring and impact assessment; • Trialling of all the above • Capacity building programmes through regional networks ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Consensus building and policy development - Goals ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Increased potential for enhanced consensus and policy innovation, by strengthened systems for information exchange, public information and policy debate. Collaborative inter-regional assessment of key cross-cutting issues at the global scale. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Consensus building and policy development - Details ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Progress • Promoting dialogue – the first series of inter-regional dialogues – Prague, Tokyo, Istanbul, Delhi • Linking with CSD and other programmes: New York side event • Plans • Newsletter, website and biennial review • Forum meetings • Continue dialogues • Collaborative assessment activities to explore and synthesise conclusions on key issues ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________