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Repro Cancers Review

Repro Cancers Review. Estrogen exposure across the life course. High estrogen exposure increases risk of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. Alcohol intake : increases conversion of testosterone to estrogen. Breast Disease 24 (2005,2006) 17–35.

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Repro Cancers Review

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  1. Repro Cancers Review

  2. Estrogen exposureacross the life course High estrogen exposure increases risk of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers Alcohol intake: increases conversion of testosterone to estrogen Breast Disease 24 (2005,2006) 17–35

  3. Role of energy balance in cancer development Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:789174

  4. Other risk factors • HPV • Persistent infection necessary for cervical cancer to develop • Other risk factors are mainly things that are associated with increased sexual activity • PCOS • Anovulation prolonged estrogen secretion increased risk of endometrial cancer • Evidence for breast and ovarian cancer is shaky • BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutations • Genes code for tumor suppressor genes • Mutations increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer

  5. GI Review

  6. Mouth & pharynx • Dental illness problems chewing • Certain illness and medication problems salivating • Exs: Sjorgren’s syndrome: autoimmune attack of salivary glands; anti-diarrheal drugs • Problems swallowing • Exs: ALS, spinal cord injury, stroke

  7. Esophagus • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Risk factors: babies, pregnancy, obesity, lying down, smoking, certain foods, lupus • Consequences: heartburn; Barrett’s esophagus; dental cavities • Hiatal hernia • Can cause GERD • Barrett’s Esophagus • Caused by GERD • Consequences: esophageal cancer

  8. Stomach • Peptic ulcers • risk factors weaken mucosal layer: H. pylori infection, NSAIDS (inhibit prostaglandins), hypersecretion of acid

  9. Intestines | 1 • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): cramping, diarrhea and/or constipation, passing of mucous stools • Cause unknown • Irritable bowel disease (IBD): more severe • Exs: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis • Treated with corticosteroids

  10. Intestines | 2 • Vomiting: controlled by vomiting center in medulla; protects against ingesting toxins • Consequences of severe vomiting: • dehydration (↓blood volume ↓ blood pressure) • metabolic alkalosis (lose high amounts of HCl (acid) blood becomes alkaline) • hypokalemia (↓blood volume ↑ aldosterone release retain Na+ and water excrete K+) • Malnutrition (excess loss of calories)

  11. Intestines | 3 • Diarrhea: leading cause of death worldwide in children • consequences of extreme diarrhea • dehydration (↓blood volume ↓ blood pressure) • metabolic acidosis (lose high amounts of KHCO3 (base) blood becomes acidic) • hypokalemia (↓blood volume ↑ aldosterone release retain Na+ and water excrete K+)

  12. Intestines | 4 • Osmotic diarrhea: retention of unabsorbable substances in intestines--> water follows • Ex: lactose intolerance • Secretory diarrhea: excessive intestinal mucosal secretion of large volume of fluid & electrolytes • Ex: cholera

  13. Intestines | 5 • Diarrhea due to malabsorption: presence of unabsorbed material in gut; can cause water loss by osmosis and other factors • Ex: celiac disease • Loss of intestinal villi (decreased absorptive surface) • Loss of intestinal enzymes and hormones • Inflammation • Hemorrhagic diarrhea: caused by infectious agent, results in bloody stool • Ex: certain E. coli strains • Diarrhea due to altered motility: fast transit • Ex: dumping syndrome after gastric bypass surgery

  14. Pancreas | 1 • Acute pancreatitis: acute inflammation and destructive autodigestion of pancreas • Causes: alcohol abuse; gallstones • Consequences: pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, shock (low blood pressure), increased serum amylase and lipase, jaundice, acidosis, hyperkalemia

  15. Pancreas | 2 • Chronic pancreatitis: chronic inflammation resulting in fibrosis, calcification, and loss of exocrine function • Causes: mainly alcoholism • Consequences: pancreatic insufficiency (fat in stool & diarrhea); supplementation with insulin and pancreatic enzymes • Pancreatic cancer: highly fatal

  16. Liver | 1 • Cirrhosis: gradual degeneration of liver cells, replaced with scar tissue • Causes: mainly alcoholism • Consequences: • portal hypertension (fibrosis causes backup of blood in hepatic portal vein) • ascites (accumulation of watery fluid in peritoneal cavity due to portal hypertension and increased vascular permeability from inflammation) • Infection (blood from intestine liver may be infected) • Edema (reduced albumin production fluid build up in tissues) • Neurological disorders (build up of ammonia)

  17. Liver | 2 • Consequences continued: • Increased bleeding (reduced clotting factors and vit K) • Endocrine disorders (reduced binding proteins for fat-soluble hormones) • Jaundice, diarrhea, fatty stool • Problems with glucose metabolism (hypoglycemia from lack of gluconeogenesis; hyperglycemia from bypass of hepatic portal system) • Problems with lipid metabolism • Increased serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase • Problems with salt and water balance

  18. questions

  19. Celiac disease can result in • Anemia • Osteoporosis • Short stature (if acquired in childhood) • Miscarriage • All of the above

  20. When the lower esophageal sphincter is pushed into the thoracic cavity, it is known as • Barrett’s esophagus • Heartburn • Hiatal hernia • Peptic ulcer

  21. Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD) is typically treated with which drug to reduce inflammation? • Corticosteroids • Vitamin B12 supplementation • Antibiotics • Antacids

  22. Excessive vomiting can ______ blood pH and excessive diarrhea can _______ blood pH. • Lower, lower • Lower, raise • Raise, lower • Raise, raise (low pH=more acidic; high pH=more alkaline)

  23. Excessive vomiting can ______ blood potassium levels and excessive diarrhea can _______ blood potassium levels. • Lower, lower • Lower, raise • Raise, lower • Raise, raise

  24. Angiogenesis refers to • Limitless potential to replicate • Ability to form new blood vessels • Ability of a tumor to metastasize • Increased cellular proliferation

  25. Which of the following statements is true? • Oncogenes are never expressed in normal cells • Functional tumor suppressor genes increase the likelihood of cancer development • Overexpression of an oncogene can contribute to cancer development • HER2 is an example of a tumor suppressor gene

  26. In the US, incidence rates of these cancers are higher in Caucasians vs. African Americans (choose all that apply) • Testicular cancer • Prostate cancer • Breast cancer • Endometrial cancer

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