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Lecture

1. Lecture. Introduction to Organisations and Information Systems (Unit 1). Organisations. a collection of interacting and interdependent individuals who work towards common goals and whose relationships are determined according to a common structure " ( Duncan, 1981 ).

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Lecture

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  1. 1 Lecture Introduction to Organisations and Information Systems (Unit 1)

  2. Organisations a collection of interacting and interdependent individuals who work towards common goalsand whose relationships are determined according to a common structure" (Duncan, 1981)

  3. An aspirational view Vision Organisation Mission Statement A general expression of the overall purpose Goals and Objectives

  4. Why do organisations exist? Organisational theories

  5. Means of attaining objectives and goals The extent to which, and the ways in which, one is controlled and constrained Organisational Structure Objective of the organisational structure

  6. New Business Models • Multinational companies • International organisations • Virtual global companies Page 336 of Turban et al. Enterprise

  7. Multinational companies • Sometimes referred to as a "transnational corporation". • A good summary is given at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multinationalcorporation.asp • WiseGEEK discuss different business models used: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-multinational-corporation.htm • Good description is given by bized: http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/notes/multi.htm

  8. Organisation Structure Top management Chief executive Senior executive Department/division heads Middle management Superintendents General foremen Supervisory management First-line supervisors Buchanan & Huczynski, 1997,

  9. Organisation Culture What is meant by the term ‘Culture’? a set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group

  10. Some Aspects of Culture(L.Aiman-Smith 2004) • Historical: Culture is social heritage, or tradition, that is passed on to future generations • Behavioural: Culture is shared, learned human behaviour, a way of life • Normative: Culture is ideals, values, or rules for living

  11. Functional: Culture is the way people solve problems of adapting to the environment and living together • Mental: Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, for social control • Structural: Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviours • Symbolic: Culture is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by an organization

  12. Models of Culture • Geert Hofstede – country culture – 5 dimensions • Culture’s Consequences (1980) –reprinted in 2001 • O’Reilly, Chatman, and Caldwell (1991) – organisational culture – 7 dimentions • Two dimensional framework • internal or external focus • flexibility and individuality or stability and control.

  13. Order & Stability Organisational tension Reflects conflict between Demands of the internal system and those of the external environment 4 cultural types (Boddy et al., 2002)

  14. Internally focused Externally focused Flexibility and Discretion Stability and Control (L.Aiman-Smith 2004)

  15. Human relations Flexibility Survival Computer-aided instruction Interpersonal computing and conferencing Group decision supporting Environmental scanning and filtering Inter-organisational linking Doubt and argument promoting Internal External Internal monitoring Internal controlling Record keeping Optimising Modelling Forecasting Sensitivity analysing Order Stability Productivity (Boddy et al., 2002:173)

  16. Environment Customers Suppliers Competitors Investors Regulators Organisation Technology Knowledge IS (Adapted from Laudon and Laudon, 2006:78)

  17. Organisations Culture vision resources people Mission Controlled performance Goals and objectives Organisational behaviour Structure

  18. Announcement Module Representatives

  19. System Theory • Developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1936 “System theory is the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities, and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them”

  20. What is a system? ‘A group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organised transformation process’ (James o’Brien, 2004) “A system is an entity which maintains its existence through the mutual interaction of its parts”.Ludwig von Bertalanffy

  21. System Theory Organisation Input from the environment Output to the environment Production process Feedback (adapted from Laudon and Laudon, 2006:73)

  22. Emergence • Anasynthis (Introduction to Systems Thinking by Gene Bellinger at http://www.systems-thinking.org/systems/systems.htm ) Open systems Vs Closed systems Close-coupled systems

  23. Capture The Functions of Information Technology (IT) Process Transmit Store/Retrieve Generate James A. Senn, Page 23

  24. Information systems are the means by which organisations and people, using information technologies gather, process, store, use, and disseminate information. (www.ukais.org)

  25. Information Systems • A Business IS (BIS) … convert data into information products that can be used to support forecasting, planning, control, co-ordination, decision making and operational activities in an organisation. • Bocij et al.

  26. The Components of an IS (O’Brien, 2004, page 11) People Resources End users and IS specialists Software Resources programs and procedures Control of system performance Input of data resources Output of information products Processing data into information Hardware Resources machines and media Data Resources data and Knowledge bases Storage of data resources Network Resources Communications media and Network support

  27. People resources IS Specialists - People who develop and operate IS, e.g. system analysts, software developers, system operators End Users - anyone who uses the information systems or the information it produces, e.g. customers, salespersons, managers (O’Brien, 6th Edition, page 12)

  28. Software resources all sets of information processing instructions Programs - System software (operating system programs), Application software (spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, payroll programs, etc.) Procedures - data entry procedures, error correction procedures, paycheque distribution procedures, etc. (O’Brien, 6th Edition, page 12)

  29. Hardware resources All physical devices and materials used in information processing Machines - Computers, video monitors, magnetic disk drives, printers, optical scanners, etc. Data Media - floppy disks, magnetic tapes, optical disks, plastic cards, paper forms, etc. (O’Brien, 6th Edition, page 12)

  30. Network resources Communications media, Communications processes, Network access and control software, etc. (O’Brien, 6th Edition, page 12)

  31. Data resources Product descriptions, Customer records, Employee files, Inventory Databases, Organisational knowledge bases External data warehouses, etc. (O’Brien, 6th Edition, page 12-13)

  32. Hardware Software Databases Networks other related components Used To Build • Data Vs Information • Application programs Vs IS • IS Vs IT (ICT) Read Chapter 1 Page 18 ff of Turban et al.

  33. IS IT People • Application programs Information Data Decisions Knowledge experience Actions

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