Vertebrates

1. Vertebrates Have a backbone

2. Include Fish… Which have gills and scales And live in the water. Ectotherms.

3. Agnatha-jawless fish Lampreys, hagfish

4. Chondrichthyes-cartilaginous fish -bones made of cartilage. Include skates, rays sharks.

5. Osteichthyes-bony fish. Includes your common Types of fish: trout, salmon, bass, goldfish, etc.

6. Most fish have external fertilization.

7. Amphibians… have gills when young and lungs when old. And need water to reproduce. Ectotherms.

8. If the evolutionary goal of a species is to populate every corner of the world, what reproductive disadvantages do amphibians have?

9. Frog eggs

10. Most amphibians have external fertilization.

11. 3 chambered heart- Oxegenated blood mixes with unoxygen- ated blood.

12. What is the disadvantage of having a 3 chambered heart?

13. 3types of amphibians: salamanders

14. Frogs and toads

15. And Caecilians some of which have fish- like scales

16. Reptiles -have scales -can live in dry areas -lay soft, leathery eggs. -Ectotherms

17. If the goal of evolution is to populate every corner of the earth, what reproductive advantage do reptiles have over amphibians? What advantage do scales give them?

19. Include lizards and snakes:

20. Crocodilians

21. Turtles and tortoises

22. And tuataras

23. All reptiles have internal fertilization. Why?

24. Birds -have feathers -lay hard eggs -have hollow bones -endothermic -have air sacs -internal fertilization

25. Air sacs

26. --Birds are endotherms (warm-blooded). what advantage does this give them in trying to populate all the corners of the earth? --Why do birds need air sacs? --Birds sit on the nest and care for their young, unlike most reptiles and amphibians. What advantage does this give birds in populating the world.

27. Flightless birds can’t fly. (Duh)

28. Perching birds—the ones we mostly see.

29. Birds of prey—hawks, eagles, owls, etc

30. Wading birds

31. Water birds

32. Mammals -have mammary glands -have hair -give birth to live young (mostly) -endothermic -internal fertilization

33. Mammals give birth to live young. Why do a higher percentage of mammal offspring survive compared to any of the other classes of vertebrates?

34. Mammals have a four-chambered heart.

35. Birds and mammals have a four chambered heart. What is the advantage of having a 4 chambered heart?

36. Monotremes --lay eggs --have a cloaca --3 species exist: duckbilled platypus, 2 types of echidnas.

37. Marsupials—kangaroos, koalas, wombats, opossum --have a pouch babies develop in the pouch.

38. Placental mammals—all the other mammals --embryo develops in the uterus. --12 orders of placental mammals.

39. What reproductive advantage do placental mammals have over monotremes and marsupials? Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have internal fertilization. What advantage does this give them over other vertebrates in populating the world?

40. Insectivores

41. Sirenians

42. Cetaceans

43. Chiropterans

44. Rodents

45. Perissodactyls

46. Carnivores

47. Artiodactyls

48. Lagomorphs

49. Xenarthrans

50. Proboscideans