Lahore Resolution (1940 )

1. Lahore Resolution (1940) Last Phase of Struggle Start of Pakistan Movement

2. OutLine • Background • Apprehensions of Muslim Salariat in united India • Popularity of partition proposals • Atrocities of Congress Ministries • Desire for a Separate Muslim Homeland • Jinnah’SSagacity • Features • Reaction • Significance! Impacts • Establishment of an independent state • Beginning of Pakistan Movement • Unity of Entire Subcontinent • A sense of identity for Muslims • Only peaceful solution of Hindu Muslim Conflict • Protection of minorities rights

3. Objectives • 22-24 March 1940 • Presented by A.K FazalUlHaq • Session Presided by Quaid • Two States to be established • Manto Park Lahore

4. Introduction • Lahore resolution ,a milestone in the Muslim political movement of subcontinent and its political struggle • It marked the beginning of Pakistan movement • Never in the history of world a resolution consisting mere 40 words had change the destiny of a nation, Lahore Resolution did this miracle • Lahore Resolution was passed on the 27th annual session of AIML at Lahore

5. Back Ground Quaid’s attempt and other factors

6. Background of the passage of The Lahore Resolution • Quaid-e-azam made several attempts during 1935-39 to make the Congress leaders to understand the Muslim point of view. Such as: • He started in 1935 with Rejinder Prasad (then congress president) but failed • In 1937, he exchanged letters with Gandi and Nehru and both refused to understand him • He exchanged letters with newly elected Congress President Subhas Chandra Bose, which had no eventful result. • Then again he exchanged letters with Nehru in 1939 who adamantly believe that there was no Hindu-Muslim problem existed

7. Cont… • Ideologically speaking Muslims had not lived under the sovereignty of non-Muslim rulers and believed in the Darul-Harb and Darul-Islam • In history they passed through many ups and downs since the birth of Islam but always revived • Western education had given them the concept of nationalism which they redefined on the basis of Islamic nationalism with reference to tradition, religion and society

8. Five Points of Quaid for Settlement • Quaid-e- Azam made a last attempt to reach at agreement with congress in1939, if the congress accepted his five points: • Coalition ministries in he provinces • No legislation affecting Muslims if 2/3 of the Muslims opposed it • No congress flag to be hoisted on public buildings • No Bande-Matran as national song • To stop Congress affect to destroy Muslims League

9. Factors • Hindu-Muslim Rifts • Hindu Muslim rifts reached to the point that they could not defied any solution • All the suggestions given by the Muslims were rejected by Congress • Muslims were left with no other option but secession • The only peaceful solution was the separation of country • Disillusionment of Muslims • Till 1940, Muslims had been thoroughly disillusioned from Hindus • The bitter experience of Congress Ministries and Hindu Mentality for Ram Raj in India. • Hindus wanted to subjugate Muslim under their tyrannical rule Nationalist Muslim leaders turned into separatist (Jinnah, lqbaletc)

10. Cont… • Popularity of Partition proposals: • The proposals received huge impetus in 1930s and 1 940s and attracted popular response • Abdul HaleemSharar (1860-1926) made this proposal in his weekly journal Mohazab. • KheriBrothers proposed the partition of India into Muslim and Hindu India. • At Stockholm Conference of Socialist International in 1917. • In 1933, Ch. Rehmat All coined the term ‘Pakistan’ in a pamphlet ‘Now or Never.’ demanding a separate Muslim state • In 1939, Dr. ZafarulHasan and Dr. AfzalHussainQadriin ‘The Problems of Indian Muslims and their Solution’. • Popularly known as ‘Aligarh Scheme,’ and proposed the partition of country into three completely independent and autonomous states. • There came about 170 proposals form 1858 to 1940 to divide India

11. Cont… • Apprehensions of Muslim Salaried and Business class in united India • According to HamzaAlvi, Muslim salaried class was fearful of domination of salaried class of Hindus • Hindus were far ahead of Muslims in education and social development and commerace • Salaried class of Bengal, Punjab, NWFP and Sind got together under the banner of AIML • This proved to be the economic rationale behind the creation of Pakistan

12. Cont… • Atrocities of Congress Ministries: • Congress rule created a deep sense of insecurity among Muslims which led to the creation of Pakistan. • Congress ministries produced an unbridgeable gap between Hindus and Muslims • Desire for a Separate Muslim Homeland • Muslims feared that their cultural identity might be threatened. • To save their culture, Muslims needed a separate homeland where they would be able to practice their religion, culture freely and openly • Urdu and Islamic Traditions was under threat and Muslims wanted to preserve it

13. Cont... • Outlook of World War II and resignation of Congress Ministries • This was a colossal blunder on the part of Congress and provided Jinnah with a pretext that Muslims want a separate homeland • Muslims constituted about 52% of the Indian army and ‘WW-Il could not be continued without Muslim support • Jinnah played his trump card and made it clear to the Hindus that there are three parties in India; Hindus, Muslims and British. • Jinnah’s Sagacity: • Jinnah’s sense of timing, that he realized that the Muslims had been alienated from Hindus and British needed Muslim support in the Second World War

14. Factors-Summary • Two Nation Theory • Denial of Separate Electorate • Defiance from Laknow Pact • Nehru Report • Hindu-Muslim Violence • Atrocities of Congress Ministries • Desire for independence • Islamic Political System • Economic Exploitation • Jinnah’s Vision

15. Features • No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslim unless it is designed on the geographical contiguous units • Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign • Adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution • In the regions steps to be taken for the protection of their

16. Cont… • Religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests • In other parts of India where the Muslims are in a minority, adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights.”

17. Quaid on Resolution • In his presidential address the Quaid alluding to the religious and cultural differences between the Hindus and Muslims said, • The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. • They neither intermarry, not inter dine together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based on conflicting ideas and conceptions. • Their aspects on life and ideology of life are different. • It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans drive their inspiration from different sources of history • They have different epics, different heroes, different episodes. • Very often the hero of one is the foe of the other and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap • To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.’

18. Reaction The Hindu leaders and the Hindu press started a tirade against the Resolution • ‘Partap’, ‘BandeMatram’, ‘Milap’, ‘tribune’ and other Hindu newspaper • called it as the Pakistan Resolution • It was done in spite of the fact that the word ‘Pakistan’ was not used anywhere in Lahore resolution • The daily Tribune called • The Pakistan scheme unacceptable and horrible • Hindustan times and Modern Review • Termed it as the ingenuity of the most ingenious constitution will be unable to divide India • Statesman wrote, ‘ • It is a revolutionary proposal but those who are willing to oppose it, must study it before criticizing it. They must understand that the League has seriously presented it; therefore, it cannot be ignored as a mere fanciful dream.

19. Ghandi on Resolution In October 1940, Gandhi announced his plan of individual Satyagrah which led oven 600 person including top Congress leaders in to prison Gandhi provoked a mass movement but failed because it was not for the freedom of India but for British government to recognize Congress as only representative of the Indian people

20. Others • Hindu Leaders • Ram GopalAchria-division as Cutting Cow • Britishers • Was it divide and rule ?No

21. Significance! Impacts • Establishment of Independent states • Muslim India committed itself to the establishment of an independent state as its final goal • All the internal differences of Muslims came to an end and they started efforts to create a separate homeland • It marked the beginning of Pakistan Movement • A political movement turned into Pakistan movement when Muslim League adopted Lahore Resolution as its main motto. • Pakistan movement got public imagination in Muslim majority provinces. • In 1937, AIML won only 2 seats whereas in 1946, it set record victory in Punjab. AIML won about 90% in centre and 100% in provinces

22. Beginning of the end of Administrative unity of Entire Subcontinent: • The administrative unity ,had been established by Muslims and British further cemented it with 8 years from 1940-1947, Pakistan was created and Muslims paved way for the end of administrative unity of sub-continent • Protection of the Minorities rights: • The Lahore Resolution not only protected the rights of the Mu in the subcontinent. Rather it also pleaded the case for the protection of minority rights.

23. Cont… • A sense of identity for Muslims • It provided a sense of direction to the Muslims. • AIML was transformed into a movement when it adopted Lahore Resolution as a slogan • Lahore Resolution assured Muslims not only a physical protection within a separate state, but also secured them a political status as a community. • Muslims were free to shape their destiny according to the genius of people • Only peaceful solution for Hindu Muslim Conflict: • It afforded only peaceful solution to the age old unresolved Hindu-Muslim Conflict

24. Cont… • Lahore resolution is regarded as a milestone in the Muslim political movement of subcontinent mere 40 words made it a magna carte. • It provided a mechanism upon which the provinces were given hope that future form of government would be based upon autonomy. • The resolution later created considerable confusion and misunderstanding , Those Bengali leaders, who felt after rift with the Center, that a state dominated by West Pakistanis was not after the interests of Bengal, claimed that the original Resolution visualized two independent Muslim states, one of West Pakistan and the other of East Bengal.” Khalid bin Sayeed, Pakistan the Formative Phase 1857-1947 p.114

25. Conclusion • Start of Pakistan Movement • A way to Muslim Separate homeland • Aim of Muslim League • First forceful demand of AIML • Creation of Two States were promised • Strengthening Muslim Nationalism • Magna Carta of Pakistan Movement • Final step to separatism

26. Support • After the presentation of the annual report by Liaquat Ali Khan, the resolution was moved in the general session by A.K. FazlulHuq, the chief minister of undivided Bengal and was seconded by ChoudhuryKhaliquzzaman who explained his views on the causes which led to the demand for partition. • Subsequently, MaulanaZafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan Gandapurfrom the North-West Frontier Province, Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, and QaziEsa from Baluchistan, and other leaders announced their support

27. Correction • The Lahore resolution was actually adopted on March 24, but officially in Pakistan March 23 is considered the date of its adoption. • In 1941, it became part of the Muslim League's constitution • In 1946, it formed the basis for the decision of Muslim League to struggle for one state for the Muslims

28. Paragraph 3 of the Resolution • 3. Resolved that it is the considered view of this session of the All-India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principle, namely, that geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped to constitute 'Independent States' in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign

29. As Magna Carta • Ideology • Action Plan • Ensuring Rights • Independent states • Freedom • Vision of a state

30. DELIVERABLES • Two nation theory • Safeguard of Identity • Establishment of Islamic State • Establishment of Islamic Society • Freedom from Britishers and Hindus • Protection of Muslims’ Culture and Civilization • Protection of Urdu • Economic Independency • Peaceful existence-end of communal violence • Start of Pan-Islamism

31. Quote • According to Stanley Wolpert, this was the moment when Jinnah, the former ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, totally transformed himself into Pakistan's great leader.