SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION SPARC EUROPE

1. SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITIONSPARC EUROPE Open Archives, Open Access and the Scholarly Communication Process David Prosser • SPARC Europe Director (david.prosser@bodley.ox.ac.uk)

2. SPARC EUROPE AND LIBER Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition Europe • Formed in 2002 following the success of SPARC (launched in 1998 by the US Association of Research Libraries) • Encourages partnership between libraries, academics, societies and responsible publishers Ligue des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche (LIBER) • Principal association of the major research libraries of Europe • Plays an active role in shaping a long-term vision for the development of a European research library network

3. The Global Journals Problem • Dissatisfaction with the current scholarly communication model • Even the wealthiest institution cannot purchase access to all the information that all of its researchers require • Site-licenses and consortia deals have helped, but mainly in the richest countries • Many commercial publishers charge extra for online access – so causing more pressure on budgets

4. Budapest Open Access Initiative Two complementary strategies: • Self-Archiving: Scholars should be able to deposit their refereed journal articles in open electronic archives which conform to Open Archives Initiative standards • Open-Access Journals: Journals will not charge subscriptions or fees for online access. Instead, they should look to other sources to fund peer-review and publication (e.g., publication charges)

5. Disaggregated system REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use Scholarly publishing comprises four functions: Disaggregated models: • Allow functions to be fulfilled independently – • Lower prices by increasing cost efficiency – introduces competition throughout value chain – forces market efficiency of individual links

6. How institutional repositories? REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use • Institutional repositories supply basic step of initial registration • Accommodate increased volume of research output

7. How institutional repositories? REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use • Certification necessary to validate registration • Independent certification carried out by open access journals in same way as at present – peer review is medium and business model independent!

8. How institutional repositories? REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use • Awareness services enabled by OAI-compliance & interoperability • Search engines index the metadata harvested from federated repositories (e.g., descriptive metadata, references, certification metadata, usage information)

9. How institutional repositories? REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use • No final answer on archiving • However, disaggregation helps put librarians—rather than journal publishers—in charge of digital archiving

10. How the pieces work together Content Services Interoperability Standards Registration e.g.: by institutions Institutional Repositories Author Reader Certification e.g.: peer review Disciplinary Repositories Awareness e.g.: search tools, linking Peer-to-peer Repositories Archiving e.g.: by library Open repositories lessen or eliminate the content monopoly of journals. Societies, publishers, institutions, new entrants are service providers.

11. How the pieces work together Content Services Interoperability Standards Registration Institutional Repositories Author Reader Certification Disciplinary Repositories Awareness Peer-to-peer Repositories Archiving Standards ensure that information about the fulfillment of functions can travel across system, be shared by nodes.

12. Local & immediate Expands access to & impact of research Increases institutional visibility & prestige by clarifying institutional sources of research Demonstrates institution’s value to funding sources Global & long-term Key component in evolving disaggregated scholarly publishing model Part of global network of interoperable, distributed content repositories Why institutional repositories? Institutional repositories complement the existing scholarly publishing model.

13. Theory Into Practice- Institutional Repositories • Eprints.org – Southampton produced software • D-Space – MIT Repository, expanding to Cambridge, UK • CDSWare – CERN • ARNO – Tilburg, Amsterdam, Twente • SHERPA – UK • DARE – The Netherlands • SPARC Resources – (http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=m0)

14. Theory Into Practice- Institutional Repositories

15. Arc Search engine Callima Search engine citebaseSearch Search engine (with citation ranking) CYCLADES Search engine DP9 Presents OAI archives hidden in the deep Internet iCite Citation indexing system covering physics journals my.OAI Search engine NCSTRL Unified access to archives in computer sciences OAIster Search engine Perseus Search engine in humanities Public Knowledge Discipline-specific OAI metadata harvesting Harvester service Scirus Elsevier Science search engine TORII Unified access to various open archives (physics and computer Science) Theory Into Practice- Service Providers

16. Practical issues Impediment to formal publication? • Trend for publishers to accept that online posting is not prior publication • Develop discipline-specific policies Intellectual property issues • Repository registration protects priority • Retain rights to e-print • No more plagiarism online than offline

17. Practical issues Perceived quality • Label & differentiate types of content • Reveal certification methods Undermines existing journals? • Repositories coexist with existing publishing system Faculty work load • Put library in charge of metadata tagging, formatting and reformatting, etc.

18. Practical issues Rewarding faculty participation • Should institutions reward registration in institutional repository? • Should funding agencies reward institutions and scholars for registration in institutional repositories?

19. Next Steps – The Human Issue? • Engage support of scholarly societies. • Exchange information on strategies with other OAI providers. • Identify alternative rewarding strategies. • Encourage the development of open access journals

20. Current Research Information Systems • Many funding bodies maintain databases of research grants • Can these databases be integrated with institutional repositories? • Provide complete information record – from initial grant proposal through to final published papers • CRIS 2004 – Antwerp, May 13-15 http://www.eurocris.org/conferences/cris2004/index.html

21. Open Access Journals SPARC open access journal partners: • Algebraic and Geometric Topology • BioMed Central (published 2500+ papers) • Documenta Mathematica • Calif. Digital Library eScholarship • Geometry & Topology • Journal of Insect Science • Journal of Machine Learning Research • New Journal of Physics

22. Open Access Journals • Two new journals from the Public Library of Science • PLoS Biology and PLoS Medicine • Indian Academy of Sciences has made their 11 journals available free online • Lund Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org/) – almost 500 peer-reviewed open access journals • Sabo – ‘Public Access to Science’ Act

23. Create Change! “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good.” Budapest Open Access Initiative, Feb. 14, 2002 3rd Workshop on the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) 13-14 February 2004 CERN, SWITZERLAND Contact SPARC Europe: david.prosser@bodley.ox.ac.uk