Chapter Eleven

1. Chapter Eleven Social Diversity and Differentiated Schooling Today: Vocational and Liberal Ideals (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

2. Renewed interest in vocational education in 1990s renews discussion about the purpose of education Questions of fairness, as concern for low-income groups and minority economic assimilation provoke interest in vocational education Can we educate through vocations rather than for vocations (Dewey)? Why Be Concerned About Vocational Education? (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

3. Smith-Hughes Act (1917) First federal backing of the belief that the primary job of schooling was economic 1960s revival of vocational education under Conant in the comprehensive high school; community college link Career education movement of 1970s led to criticisms about vocational education’s effectiveness Historical Perspective (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

4. Integrate the “disadvantaged” into the economic mainstream Help solve national employment problems and meet national defense needs Provide a relevant curriculum for non-college bound students Address youth problems like delinquency and teenage pregnancy Vocational Education Goals (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

5. Significant amounts spent on vocational education by state, local, and federal sources Programs increasingly located in community colleges Enrollment declining in secondary schools Unclear that vocational education actually fulfills goals Workplace technologies too fast paced to keep up with Number of years in school seems to be better indicator of employability and income Current Perspectives (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

6. Pincus argues that programs reproduce sex, race, and class inequality Transfer rates of students to four-year programs remain low, with white and Asian students more likely to transfer Those who transfer unlikely to graduate Education about the workplace more likely to undermine efforts to educate for workplace—so students remain ignorant of options Community Colleges and Vocational Education (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

7. Concentrated in low-income school districts Initiatives must come from local districts, rather than state “tech-prep” approach rather than training for specific jobs Integration of academic and vocational studies Potential Strengths of Perkins Act Amendments of 1990 (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

8. Shift from manufacturing to service jobs Technology jobs are growing, but make up only small percentage of total job growth On-the-job training now a significant factor Income and benefits declining for the jobs that will be available Loss of decision-making power and autonomy The Future of the Workplace—What Students Need to Know (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

9. Employers want these skills: Reading and comprehension skills Written and oral communication skills Thinking Problem solving and decision-making skills Computational skills Does vocational education foster these? The Future of the Workplace—What Students Need to Know (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

10. Training for intellectual and moral growth for maximum flexibility Activity-centered teaching Foxfire cultural journalism curriculum; 4H Training Through Occupations (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

11. Programs of greater intellectual sophistication A new conception of vocational education that prepares students for different post-secondary options Helping students connect current choices with future options Realign high schools to be coherent Reduction of tracking to allow greater choice Engagement of students in their own learning Stronger connections for high schools and outside institutions Successful Curriculum Integration in High Schools Calls for…. (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

12. Education for the “whole of human excellence” For vocational ends For their own sake Emphasis on behaviors and the qualities necessary to perform these acts Guidance for young people in their choices Aristotle’s Features of Liberal Education (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

13. Confronting the emphasis on “getting a good job” Valuing breadth and depth of study Accommodation of non-traditional values (i.e., feminine values) necessary Reconstructing the Liberal Education Ideal (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

14. Can vocational education provide general literacy skills and help develop each student to his or her full potential? What are we as a society willing to settle for? What would we want for our own children? Concluding Remarks (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

15. general academic track general education heterogeneous grouping homogeneous grouping labor market liberal education service occupations tracking and de-tracking trivium and quadrivium vocational education vs. career education Developing Your Professional Vocabulary (c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e