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Knowledge as Love

Knowledge as Love. How Metaphors Direct our Efforts to Manage Knowledge in Organisations Keynote address 8th European Conference on Knowledge Management Consorci Escola Industrial de Barcelona (CEIB), Barcelona, Spain 6-7 September 2007

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Knowledge as Love

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  1. Knowledge as Love How Metaphors Direct our Efforts to Manage Knowledge in OrganisationsKeynote address8th European Conference on Knowledge ManagementConsorci Escola Industrial de Barcelona (CEIB), Barcelona, Spain 6-7 September 2007 Dr. Daniel AndriessenINHOLLAND University of professional EducationAmsterdamThe Netherlands

  2. Simplified Chinese

  3. Lakoff and Johnson (1999)

  4. Create an inventory of knowledge Check where knowledge is located KNOWLEDGE AS A RESOURCE Store important knowledge Improve access to knowledge

  5. I got plenty of time That took three hours TIME AS A RESOURCE He wasted my time This will save time

  6. The TIME ORIENTATION metaphor FUTURE PAST

  7. Aymara’s use the opposite

  8. MOVING OBSERVER metaphor EVENT 3 EVENT 2 “will you be staying a long time or a short time?” EVENT 1 "how long is your visit?"

  9. MOVING TIME metaphor TIME "time flies by" "the time for action has arrived"

  10. EVENT 3 EVENT 2 EVENT 1 What happened before the Big Bang?

  11. Time traveling

  12. Mapping from source to target Target Domain(time) Source Domain(space) metaphorical entailments Characteristicsof target domainnot covered by source domain Characteristicsof source domainnot used by metaphor

  13. Time as a moving object metaphor Time Moving Object “arrives” “flies by” “speed” “length” “amount” “scarcity” “direction”“origin” “destination”

  14. Mapping from sources to target SPACE Source Domain Target Domain(TIME) Source Domain RESOURCE Source Domain Source Domain

  15. Intermezzo 1: truth does not exist • as direct observation does not exist because people always use concepts to describe reality… • as these concepts derive their meaning from metaphor… • as half of these metaphors are embodied in our brain and cannot be shut off or altered… • as the choice of the other half is too large extent arbitrary… …we will never be able to perfectly describe and understand reality and ego, truth (defined as correspondence with reality) does not exist.

  16. Conceptualisations of knowledge are metaphorical KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF Knowledge as an object “Locate knowledge” “Recognize knowledge” “Move knowledge” “Exchange knowledge” Knowledge as thoughts or feelings “Articulate knowledge” “Verbalize knowledge” “Externalize knowledge” “Internalize knowledge” Knowledge as a resource “Apply knowledge” “Use knowledge” “Store knowledge” “Accumulate knowledge” Knowledge as organism “Growing knowledge” “Nurturing knowledge” “Knowledge develops” Knowledge as capital “Value knowledge” “Invest knowledge”

  17. Target Domain Source DomainRESOURCE Knowledge as Resource metaphor Knowledge becomes part of logistic discourse

  18. Target Domain Source DomainASSETS Knowledge as Assets metaphor Knowledge becomespart of accounting discourse

  19. Target Domain Source DomainPROPERTY Knowledge as Property metaphor Knowledge becomes part of legal discourse

  20. There are big differences between the authors Davenport & Prusak (2000) Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995)

  21. Transformation of entailments require argumentation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X X X • Capital is valuable and important • Capital is an asset for the future and not an expenditure • Capital can be invested in • Capital can be capitalized • Capital itself can be invested • Capital allows for a return • Capital resonates with managers and CFO’s • Having more capital is better • Capital can be owned • Capital can be valued financially • Capital often appears on the balance sheet • Capital is additive (1+1=2) • Capital is a stock • Capital can and must be measured and managed

  22. What is wrong with KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF Knowledge as an object “Locate knowledge” “Recognize knowledge” “Move knowledge” “Exchange knowledge” Knowledge as a resource “Gather knowledge” “Store knowledge” “Distribute knowledge” Knowledge as capital “Value knowledge” “Invest knowledge”

  23. Dominant view in the West Knowledge as a thing that can be controlled and manipulated Knowledge as information that can be codified, stored, accessed and used Knowledge as resource that can be created, stored, shared, located, or moved, and that is part of the input-throughput-output system of the organization Knowledge as capital that can be valued, capitalized and measured; that is part of the financial flow and requires an return on investment Dominant view in the East Knowledge as spirit and wisdom Knowledge as unfolding truth Unity of universe and human self Unity of knowledge and action Knowledge as illumination or enlightenment of an underlying, deeper reality Knowledge as essence-less and nothingness (Japan) Knowledge creation as a continuous, self-transcending process Western and Eastern views on knowledge

  24. Design of the exercise Employees Metaphor 1 Metaphor 2 Vote (2 votes per person) Questionnaire Personal reflection Diagnosis and development of solutions Diagnosis and development of solutions Gathering results Gathering results Working in teams of 4 plenary session Working in teams of 4 plenary session Managers Metaphor 1 Metaphor 2 Vote (2 votes per person) Questionnaire Personal reflection Diagnosis and development of solutions Diagnosis and development of solutions Gathering results Gathering results Working in teams of 4 plenary session Working in teams of 4 plenary session

  25. DIAGNOSIS Knowledge does not flow Separate source of knowledge Knowledge is not channeled No dispersion of knowledge Hydrocephalus: people keeping knowledge to themselves SOLUTIONS Build canals Flush out and freshen knowledge Tap knowledge from people leaving Create knowledge map Managers as knowledge channels Knowledge management KNOWLEDGE AS WATER

  26. DIAGNOSIS Knowledge is not cherished Lack of trust Unrequited love Rivalry and forced marriages Attractive but lonely singles In-breeding We only talk about our wedding certificate but not about our relationship SOLUTIONS Provide time and space for sharing knowledge Match people’s passions and tasks Go out and date more Hire marriage counselor Partner-swapping Don’t manage and systemize knowledge KNOWLEDGE AS LOVE

  27. Intermezzo 2: problems don't exist • Problems are not phenomena waiting out there in reality to be observed. • A problem is a gap between an existing and a preferred situation (Ist and Soll). • Both the perception of the existing as the perception of the preferred situation depends on how you prefer to look at it • Ergo, a problem is by definition subjective. • "a problem is an interpretation of a feeling of discomfort“(J. Kessels)

  28. KM Metaphor Analysis Scoring Form

  29. What would be the outcome of your research if we see knowledge not at stuff but as love?

  30. Thank You! • Dr. Daniel Andriessen • Professor of Intellectual CapitalINHOLLAND University of Professional Education • Amsterdam/ Diemen The Netherlands • Daan.andriessen@inholland.nl • www.weightlesswealth.com • +31-204951719

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