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THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS

THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS. Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological Sciences. DNA. mRNA. Protein. The Biology of All Cells. transcription. translation. 3’polyA tail. 5’cap. DNA. mRNA. Protein. Gene Expression. transcription. translation. pancreatic.

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THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS

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  1. THE BIOLOGY OF STEM CELLS Melissa Henriksen, PhD Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor Biological Sciences

  2. DNA mRNA Protein The Biology of All Cells transcription translation 3’polyA tail 5’cap

  3. DNA mRNA Protein Gene Expression transcription translation

  4. pancreatic bone neurons ES Different Cell Types Same DNA Different Gene Expression

  5. The Biology of Stem Cells • Embryonic Stem Cells • The Concept of Potency • Adult Stem Cells • Advances in Stem Cell Science

  6. Human Embryogenesis

  7. Embryonic Stem Cells & IVF Stem Cell Research

  8. Commitment in Embryogenesis • Cell Commitment • Cells make “Decisions” • “Decisions” determine cell’s fate • Thought to be irreversible

  9. The Blastocyst

  10. Culturing Embryonic Stem Cells

  11. What is a Stem Cell? Stem Cell Somatic Cell Differentiate Self-renewal Two identical daughters

  12. Potency The range of commitment options available to a cell • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Multipotent • Oligopotent • Unipotent Potency

  13. Pluripotent Multipotent Potency

  14. Adult Stem Cell Differentiation

  15. Adult Stem Cell Plasticity

  16. Amniotic Fluid-derived Stem Cells

  17. Potency The range of commitment options available to a cell • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Multipotent • Oligopotent • Unipotent Potency Embryonic Amniotic Adult

  18. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer DOLLY 1997 “Decisions” not irreversible

  19. SCNT & Animals

  20. SCNT & Humans

  21. ? SCNT & Humans

  22. SCNT & Cancer Cells Melanoma Tetraploid Complementation E9.5 Pluripotent Stem Cells start with cancer cell Breast cancer Leukemia Lymphoma Melanoma

  23. Avoid ethical issues Egg donation Matched stem cells Develop cell-based disease models Understand the science Parthenogenesis 8-cell Blastomere Altered Nuclear Transfer Molecular Reprogramming Advances in Stem Cell Science

  24. Parthenogenesis • Asexual Reproduction • Normal in Reptiles; Not seen in Mammals • Trick human eggs to undergo in the lab • Immunologically matched to egg donor • “Universal Donor?” • Not Viable • No “Potential Human Being”

  25. 8-cell Blastomere • PGD - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis • 1 of 8 cells removed • ACT cultured embryonic stem cell line from one cell

  26. Altered Nuclear Transfer • Idea suggested by President’s Council on Bioethics • Apply a genetic trick in the somatic cell nucleus • Blastocyst generated is not viable • No “Potential Human Being” • Proof-of-Principle demonstrated in mice by scientists at MIT’s Whitehead Institute

  27. somatic cell Molecular Reprogramming Goal: Manipulate a somatic cell’s potency • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Multipotent • Oligopotent • Unipotent Potency

  28. Molecular Reprogramming • Cell Fusion • Cell Extract • Cell Explantation • Add Four Factors • pluripotent xpluripotent • pluripotent + 4 Factors • pluripotent

  29. Bibliography • AFS • SCNT • Cancer cells • ANT • Blastomere • Parthenogenesis • Molecular Reprogramming • Cell Fusion • Cell Extract • Cell Explantation • Defined Factors

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