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Aortic Diseases

Aortic Diseases . Elliot L. Chaikof, MD, PhD Roberta and Stephen R. Weiner Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School. Clinical Practice Council of the SVS. AAA Practice Guidelines Writing Committee. Elliot L. Chaikof, MD, PhD

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Aortic Diseases

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  1. Aortic Diseases Elliot L. Chaikof, MD, PhD Roberta and Stephen R. Weiner Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School

  2. Clinical Practice Council of the SVS AAA Practice Guidelines Writing Committee Elliot L. Chaikof, MD, PhD David C. Brewster, MD Ronald L. Dalman, MD Michel S. Makaroun, MD Karl A. Illig, MD Gregorio A. Sicard, MD Carlos H. Timaran, MD Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr., MD Frank J. Veith, MD

  3. Prevalence of Aortic Aneurysm • Prevalence of AAA among women is slowly increasing, with women now representing 1/3 of patients presenting with rupture.

  4. Circulation 2011; 124:1118-1123 AAA (> 3 cm) in 1.7% of 26,000 65 y/o men screened

  5. 45000 40000 35000 30000 TOTAL OPEN 25000 20000 15000 EVAR 10000 5000 0 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Annual Open AAA and EVAR in US: 1993 - 2005 Schermerhorn M et al. JVS 2009; 49(3):543-50

  6. Lancet 2002; 360: 1531–39 Community-based screening reduces mortality from an AAA in men aged 65–79 years, but are not cost effective in women in whom the prevalence of AAAs is lower

  7. Jonk YC, Kane RL, Lederle FA, MacDonald R, Cutting AH, Wilt TJ. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2007;23:205-15. All Markov modeling studies published to date have predicted higher lifetime costs associated with EVAR

  8. SVS Clinical Decisions for Patients with Aortic Disease • Comparative effectiveness of OR vs EVAR • Ascending and arch aortic aneurysms • Thoracoabdominal aneurysms • Acute or Chronic Type B aortic dissections • 2. Optimal treatment of AAA between 5 – 6 cm • 3. Optimal surveillance regimens after EVAR

  9. Bending the cost curve $7,300 per capita in US in 2008 • Selective screening and surveillance • Selective repair • Reducing costs for EVAR or OSR Reduce Per Capita Costs Reduce Unnecessary Interventions

  10. Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Very Efficiently (SAAAVE) Act 2006 • A one-time AAA US screening as part of a Welcome to Medicare physical exam. • The physical must be conducted during the first 12 months of enrollment. • Who qualifies for the Medicare screening? • Men who have smoked sometime during their life • Men and women with a family history of AAA In 2009, 20,000 Medicare patients were screened out of 200,000 in the US at risk

  11. Risk Factors for Aortic Aneurysms • Smoking is the single strongest risk factor for the development of AAA • AAA risk increases by 40% every 5 years after the age of 65 years • Men are at much higher risk of AAA than women • Central obesity increases risk • A family history of AAA doubles the risk of AAA

  12. Risk factors for aortic aneurysms do not correlate with many risk factors for atherosclerosis - • Hypertension is weakly associated with AAA • The relationship between hyperlipidemia and AAA is complex • Diabetes is protective of AAA formation

  13. Nat. Genet. 40, 217–224 (2008) Nat. Genet. 42, 692–697 (2010)

  14. Who do we screen? Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:203-211 British Medical J 2004; 329: 1259-1262 • Selective screening of high risk groups • Risk factor scores J VascSurg 2005;41:741-51

  15. Who should be enrolled in continued AAA Surveillance Should we follow aneurysms less than 4 cm in diameter given their low risk of rupture?

  16. Br J Surg 90: 821-6, 2003 • 12 yr analysis of 1121 AAA in 65 yr-old men • 2.6 cm < AAA < 2.9 cm • 14% > 5.4 cm at 10 years • 3.5 cm < AAA < 3.9 cm • 10.5% > 5.4 cm and 1.4% had ruptured at 2 years

  17. Biomarkers for AAA Disease

  18. Immediate EVAR vs. Surveillance Management of the Small AAA Has the balance of risk and benefit changed with EVAR? 4.0 cm < AAA < 5.4 cm

  19. CAESAR Small AAA Trial: • Immediate EVAR vs. Surveillance 360 patients 180 pts Surveillance 180 pts EVAR Mean f/u 26 mos. 236 pts EVAR 15 pts OSR 102 pts Surv. • Aneurysm-related mortality (0.6% vs 0.6%; p=1) • 30-day mortality (1% vs 0%; p=1) • Aneurysm rupture (0% vs 0.2%; p=0.2)

  20. CAESAR Trial at 3 Years: Immediate EVAR vs. Surveillance • 76/180 (42%) patients in the surveillance group underwent repair • The probability of receiving AAA repair over a 3-yr study interval was • > 50% > 4.5 cm • 32/180 (18%) underwent open surgery because of loss of EVAR suitability

  21. Crossover Effect in Trials of AAA Treatment vs Observation • UK SAT: 62% (327/527) crossed over during a 5-year follow-up period. • ADAM:62% (351/567) crossed over during a 5-year follow-up period. • Crossovers related to subjective ‘symptoms’ or patient preference.

  22. Patient Perspective with a Small AAA The question is not… “if” EVAR should be performed but “when”…

  23. Pharmacological Strategies to Prevent AAA Expansion or Rupture • b-blockers and ACE inhibitors • Tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics • Anti-platelet agents • Statins The Non-Invasive Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Clinical Trial (N-TA3CT) NIH Funded Trial - Randomize 248 patients Determine if doxycycline (100 mg bid) will inhibit by 40% the increase in diameter of small AAA (3.5-5.0 cm in men, 3.5-4.5 cm in women) over a 24-month period. J VascSurg 2002; 36: 1-12

  24. Clinical Trials to Assess Risk and the Benefit of Medical Intervention • Inflammation and Risk Prediction in Patients With AAA (Vanderbilt, PI: U. Sampson ) • predicting risk using FDG-PET with CT • Study on Anti-inflammatory Effect of Anti-hypertensive Treatment in Patients With Small AAA's and Mild Hypertension (VU University, PI: Jan D. Blankensteijn) • Aliskiren and Amlodipine

  25. Clinical Trials to Assess Risk and the Benefit of Medical Intervention • Evaluation of Effect of ACE Inhibitors (perindopril) on Small Aneurysm Growth Rate • (Imperial College, PI: Neil R Poulter) • Feasibility Study of Exercise Training for AAA Disease • (Sheffield Teaching Hospitals/University of Hull)

  26. Morbidity of Open and EVAR AAA Repairs: 1995 - 2008 Schermerhorn M et al. NEJM 2008; 358:464-474.

  27. Risk Models for Elective EVAR or Open AAA Repair • Risk models that incorporate physiological and anatomical data (APACHE II, GAS, POSSUM). • Improved tools to assess likelihood of aneurysm expansion and rupture risk among high risk patients. • Interventions to reduce postoperative morbidity (e.g. cardiac, pulmonary, renal)

  28. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2277-84 Lifetime Cancer Risk/Abdominal CT Doubling in less than a decade Number of CT scans/yr in US

  29. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:60-5 • 406 paired CT/US examinations • Sensitivity for Duplex ultrasound was 86% • All clinically significant endoleaks demonstrated on CTA were also detected on Duplex ultrasound

  30. US vs CTA for Surveillance After EVAR • Contrast Ultrasound in the Surveillance of EVAR (n = 160) • Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, PI: SudhirNagpal • CT Versus Color Duplex US for Surveillance of EVAR. A Prospective Multicenter Study (n = 1000) • Centre HospitalierUniversitaire de Nice, PI: Hassen-KhofjaReda

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