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Genetically Modified Organisms (Transgenics) – “ The Right to Know”

Genetically Modified Organisms (Transgenics) – “ The Right to Know”. Princeton Satellite 2013 Kathy McKone. What does it mean to be genetically modified?. Inserting a desired gene from one organism into an organism of a different species. WHY Bother w/ GM Food?.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (Transgenics) – “ The Right to Know”

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  1. Genetically Modified Organisms (Transgenics) –“The Right to Know” Princeton Satellite 2013 Kathy McKone

  2. What does it mean to be genetically modified? Inserting a desired gene from one organism into an organism of a different species.

  3. WHY Bother w/ GM Food? • 1980 World Population = 4.5 Billion • 2011 World Population = 7 Billion • Farmable Land disappearing • Worries about ability to produce enough food • Concerns of pesticide & herbicide overuse; and long-term effects of these chemicals

  4. The Workhorse of Genetic Engineering = Bacteria General GMO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAP6ZtfP9ZQ More Advanced: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-IJikX1144 BioRad Intro: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIPsjrXMMmw • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3925Pw-VwU Genetically Engineering Insulin

  5. Which foods contain GM product? US Approval for GM food crops • Corn • Soy • Papaya • Canola • Potato • Chicory • Rice • Squash • Sugarbeet • Tomatoes Approval does not necessarily mean these crops are distributed Database of GM crops: www.agbios.com

  6. Inserting genes from one organism (Bacteria) into another organism (Plant). Adding genes to plants can make them draught or insect resistant. 1994: first GM food was sold: Flavr Savr tomato = able to ripen on the vine & not turn to mush; wasn’t successful b/c of taste Image:Results of insect infestation on Bt (right) and non-Bt (left) cotton bolls. Source: USDA Agriculture: Genetically Modified (GM) Organisms

  7. According to the USDA, in the U.S. in 2011: • CROPS genetically modified: • 94% soy • 88% corn • 90% cotton • Which item would NOT be a good selection to test with students?

  8. Which foods contain GM product? Sources: 1996-1999 Fernandez and McBride, 2000-2004: USDA, National Agriculture Statistics Service, Acreage.

  9. GM Foods are NOT required to be labeled in US. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/201211811503032830.html *Monsanto, Pesticide Companies Spend $7.1 Million to Defeat Right to Know GMO Labeling Measure in CA http://www.carighttoknow.org/5_million_more

  10. Which foods yield viable plant DNA?

  11. 1) Promoter = found at the beginning of a gene; docking site of RNA polymerase 2) Gene = codes for protein of interest (pest resistance) 3)Terminator = stop transcription Cell Biology REVIEW:Three Segments of a Gene

  12. Why use CaMV 35S and NOS? CaMV 35S – Sequence for the promoter of 35S transcript of the Cauliflower mosaic virus. Used because it functions in every plant cell NOS- Sequence fornopaline synthase terminator from soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefacians Used because it evolved to be recognized in most plants 65% of food crops use CaMV promoter; adding NOS detection ~ 85%

  13. The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/graphics/bluetong.gif Most Used Promoter used in GM crops

  14. Popular gene from soil bacterium: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) • Bt gene  protein endotoxin (lethal to many insects) • Pesticides are not needed for crops! • Endotoxins are activated by the HIGHLY ALKALINE insect mid-gut. • Also kills non-target insects (monarch butterfly).

  15. Desirable Traits • Pest Resistance • Herbicide Tolerance • Viral Resistance • Drought Resistance • Increased Nutritional Value; golden rice (beta carotene) • Improved Fruit • Altered Ripening

  16. Opponents argue • Creation of super pests • Creation of super weeds • Loss of biodiversity • Biotechnology companies control agriculture

  17. Cornell http://www.geo-pie.cornell.edu University of Nebraska http://croptechnology.unl.edu/ Pro-GMO http://www.monsanto.com Anti-GMO http://www.greenpeace.org GMO-Based Web Sites

  18. BioRad’s GMO Investigator Kit Contents • Bio-Rad certified Non-GMO food • InstaGene • Master Mix • GMO primers • Plant PSII primers • GMO & PSII positive control DNA • PCR MW Ruler • DPTPs, microtubes, PCR tubes, foam floats • Manual Not Included but required: • Thermal cycler • Water bath/heat block • Electrophoresis Module (agarose, TAE buffer & Fast Blast DNA stain) • Electrophoresis equipment & power supply • 2-20 ul pipettes & barrier tips

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