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Absolutism and the Modern State

Absolutism and the Modern State. 1589-1715. C0mmon Crises. 1. Demographic changes 2. Drop in Trading 3. Lack of communication between monarchs and subjects 4. Constant presence of the nobility 5. Warfare 6 . Popular Revolts Lower class Economic based. Common Achievements.

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Absolutism and the Modern State

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  1. Absolutism and the Modern State 1589-1715

  2. C0mmon Crises • 1. Demographic changes • 2. Drop in Trading • 3. Lack of communication between monarchs and subjects • 4. Constant presence of the nobility • 5. Warfare • 6. Popular Revolts • Lower class • Economic based

  3. Common Achievements • 1. Greater taxation • 2. Growth in the armed forces • 3. larger, more efficient bureaucracies • 4. increased ability to demand obedience from subjects • 5. Development of a sovereign state

  4. The Theories of Absolutism • Break into groups • read Hobbes’ Leviathan • All groups answer questions • Review Questions as a class

  5. Louis XIV and the “Age of Magnificence” r. 1643-1715

  6. Ascent to the Throne • Born 1639, dies 1715 • Father is Louis XIII, Mother Anne of Austria is regent, Cardinal Jules Mazarin is advisor • The Regent Rule (1643-1661) • Kept French armies in The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • The Frondes (1648-1653) • Try to increase taxes • Court flees Paris in 1649

  7. The Reign of Louis XIV How does Louis XIV portray himself? Personality Traits of Louis XIV

  8. Absolute Tendencies • Claims a divine right to rule • Ideas on decision making • Special police force • Select loyal officials • Builds a regime on ceremony

  9. Economic Policies • Mercantilism • Idea by Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Goal: • Main Ideas • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6.

  10. The Court of Louis XIV • Versailles Palace, built 1669-1686 • Treatment of the nobility • “Book of Manners” • Characteristics of Court life

  11. Louis XIV’s Wars • 1659: Expands Military • 1667: Invades Flanders • 1672: Invades Netherlands • 1681: invades Lorraine territory • 1701-1713: War of Spanish Succession • 1701: Forms a Grand Alliance • 1713: Peace of Utrecht • Significance:

  12. Persecution of Minorities • Revocation of the Edict of Nantesin 1685 • Edict of Fontainbleu • Jansenists

  13. Limits of Absolutism

  14. Peter the Great

  15. Watch A&E Biography on Peter the Great • Answer questions on sheet

  16. Formation of Eastern European Absolutism

  17. Essay Practice

  18. The Culture of the Aboslutist Period 1600-1750

  19. The Rise and Fall of Absolutism in England 1603-1688

  20. James I of England (r. 1603-1625) • Born 1566 in Scotland • Mother, Mary Queen of Scots, abdicated throne in 1567 and James becomes James VI of Scotland

  21. Ascent to the English throne • Name Change: Becomes James I of England • Unprepared for the throne • Believed in the Divine Right to Rule

  22. Conflicts with Parliament • James I view of Parliament • What powers does House of Commons have? King? Justification for each? Was compromise possible? • Raising revenue • Appointments of unpopular advisors • Attempted impeachments

  23. James I and Foreign Relations • Issue of Foreign Relations • Spain • Marriages

  24. Charles I (r. 1625-1649) and the Fall of Absolutism • Complaints against the king • Controlled by Pope • Too “tax happy” • Kings lieutenants are exceeding their power • Merchants cannot trade freely • Divisions within society • Religious divisions • Puritans • Arminians • Class divisions • Parliament supporters: “Country,” poor • King supporters: court, titled nobles

  25. Divisions within Parliament • 1625: forced loans on landowners w/o Parliament consent • 1626: jails those who do not comply with loans • 1628: Petition of Right passed • 1629: Parliament dissolved • 1634: Ship Tax • 1637: forced Prayer Book on Scotland • Scots rebel • 1639: Forced London to pay for war • Parliament will, only if they can reconvene • 1640: Parliament reconvened, refused to pay, and are dissolved again

  26. Beginnings of the English Civil War • Parliament refuses to pass laws • Charles calls the army in • Sides • Cavaliers • Roundheads • War of words

  27. Parliament triumphs • Battle of Marston Moore • Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army • Divisions within Parliament • 1. religious • Presbyterians • Independents • 2. reformers • Levellers • Diggers • Death of the King

  28. Restoration of the Monarchy • Government of Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649-1658) • Domestic policy • Foreign policy • Charles II (r. 1661-1685) • Navigation Acts • Dutch Wars • Colonization of US and Canada • James II (r. 1685-1688) • Resurgence of Catholicism • Glorious Revolution

  29. The English Bill of Rights, 1688 • Handed to William and Mary (r. 1688-1702) • Limitations on the crown • Role Parliament plays • Implications for the future

  30. The Dutch Republic

  31. Background and Structure to the Dutch State • Background • Incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 800 • Passed off to Spanish rule in 1555 • Split in 1581 • Northern half recognized independence in 1609 • Southern half recognized independence in 1648 • Structure • Oligarchies • States General • Definition • Duties • Stadholders

  32. The Expanding Economy • 1609- Amsterdam Public Bank Opens • Shifting attitude towards the profession of banking • Fertile land is good for economy • Rise in population • Building of canals • Tulip production

  33. The Role of Dutch Merchants • The Dutch East India Trading Companies • Expand markets to Europe and East Indies • Specialize in Bulk Goods

  34. Dutch Culture • 1. Religion • Promote Religious toleration • Huguenot Migration • Jewish migration • 2. Attitudes towards… • Homelessness • Economy • Dutch success

  35. Decline of Dutch Republic • Wars with England drained the Dutch economy • Invasions of Louis XIV • Southern half partitioned to Austria in 1713 • Shift in Government control

  36. What made them immune to absolutism? • Government structure kept one from gaining too much power • Do not want to repeat the government of their mother country • General attitudes towards culture and humanity prevented an absolute leader from rising up • Became successful on their own – without government intervention

  37. The Ottomans

  38. Major Battles with the Europeans • 1350: Attempts for Hungary • 1423: Venice • 1462: Romania and Eastern Europe • 1526: Hapsburg Empire • 1672: Poland • 1700s: various wars with Russia

  39. The Thirty Years War 1618-1648

  40. Big Picture • Precipitated by Religious divisions and politics • Last “War of Religion” • Cripples the HRE – no united Germany • Creates better defined system of sovereign states • At the end of the war, France, Spain, and England gain prestige. • Spanish and HRE influence diminishes

  41. The Holy Roman Empire

  42. Background • HRE is a loose confederation of over 1000 states and cities • Federal Structure • Emperor is head of state • Chancery for foreign policy • Imperial Diet – Parliament • Peace of Augsburg

  43. Origins • Order established at Peace of Augsburg is challenged by • Introduction of Calvinism • Kings breaking Provisions • Emperors/princes try to roll back Protestant Rights • Rudolf II (r. 1576-1612) • Ferdinand II Archduke of Austria • Transylvania and Hungary revolt • Rudolf challenged by brother Matthias (r. 1612-1619) • Protestant League (1608) and Catholic League (1609) are formed in response to religious tension

  44. Start of the War/Bohemian Phase(1618-1625) • Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, imposes limits on Protestants • Defenestration of Prague, 1618 • Bohemian crown offered to Calvinist Frederick of Palatinate • Ferdinand II becomes emperor in 1619 • Secures help from Spanish and Catholic League • Wins battle of White Mountain 1620, gaining control of Bohemia, Central and East HRE.

  45. Danish Phase (1625-1630) • Christian IV of Denmark invades looking to help Protestants and to gain territory • Defeated by Albrecht Wallenstein, Bohemian noble and best Catholic general • Treat of Lubeck, 1629 • Ferdinand becomes even more repressive • Protestants expelled/lands confiscated • Edict of Restitution, 1629

  46. Swedish Phase (1629-1635) • Catholic successes alarm Protestant countries • GustavusAdolphus, King of Sweden • Motivated by: • Faith • Territorial gain • Desire to kick butt • Gains territories back 1629-1632 • Wallenstein recalled • Battle of Lutzen, 1632 • Adolphus dies, Catholics regain territories

  47. French Phase (1635-1648) • French had been aiding Protestants throughout war • Finally enter war directly in 1635 by declaring war on Spain and sending troops to Germany • Cardinal Richelieu’s justification • Raison d’etat

  48. End of War • Protestants make a comeback because of the French • Tired of war, they try to make peace • Spain bankrupt/Civil War • Sweden losing troops/unhappy population • England in Civil War (1642) • German princes, Catholics and Protestants devastated by years of war

  49. Treat of Westphalia, 1648 • Redraws map of Europe • Dutch United Provinces recognized • Switzerland recognized • Sweden gains German territories • France gains Alsace • Treaty reinforces autonomy of German states • Decide own religion and foreign policy • Holy Roman Emperor only has control over Austria • No country can declare war based on Catholicism or Protestantism • Reinforced the idea of sovereign territorial states with fixed borders

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