U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Programs and Policy

U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Programs and Policy Jason Y. KimSenior Advisor, National Coordination OfficeUnited States of America February 23-25, 2009

Overview • Introduction • Global Positioning System • GPS Augmentations • U.S. Policy • International Cooperation

GPS is a Critical Component of the Global Information Infrastructure Satellite Operations Aviation Surveying & Mapping Precision Agriculture Communications Power Grids Disease Control Trucking & Shipping Personal Navigation Fishing & Boating Oil Exploration

Keys to the Global Success of GPS • Program Stability and Performance • Policy Stability and Transparency • Commercial Entrepreneurship and Investment

The Global Positioning System • Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit • Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions • Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies • Two types of service: • Standard (free of direct user fees) • Precise (U.S. and Allied military) • Three segments: • Space • Ground control • User equipment

GPS Constellation Status 31 Operational SatellitesAs of Feb 12, 2009 (Baseline Constellation: 24) • 13 Block IIA • 12 Block IIR • 6 Block IIR-M • Transmitting new second civil signal • Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need • 2 Block IIR-M’s remaining • Next launch: Mar 2009

GPS Operational Control Segment Alaska England Schriever AFB Colorado S Korea Vandenberg AFB California USNO Cape Canaveral Bahrain Hawaii Kwajalein Ecuador Diego Garcia Tahiti Ascension S Africa Argentina Australia New Zealand Ground Antenna Monitor Station Master Control Station OCS Monitor Station Backup Master Control Station NGA Monitor Station Ground Antenna Future Monitor Station Master Control Station (Schriever AFB)

PPS Signal in Space Performance 7 Signal-in-Space User Range Error is the difference between a GPS satellite’s navigation data (position and clock) and the truth, projected on the line-of-sight to the user 6 5 4.6 4.3 4 RMS SIS URE (m) RMS Signal-in-Space User Range Error (URE), meters 3.0 2007 PPS Performance Standard (Worst of any PPS SIS URE) 3 2.7 1.8 Decreasing range error 2 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 2001 2004 2006 2008 System accuracy exceeds published standard

SPS Signal in Space Performance N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 Signal-in-Space User Range Error is the difference between a GPS satellite’s navigation data (position and clock) and the truth, projected on the line-of-sight to the user 2001 SPS Performance Standard (RMS over all SPS SIS URE) 6 5 2008 SPS Performance Standard (Worst of any SPS SIS URE) 4 RMS SIS URE (m) RMS Signal-in-Space User Range Error (URE), meters 3 Decreasing range error 2 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 1 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 2001 2004 2006 2008 Selective Availability (SA) System accuracy exceeds published standard

Recent GPS Improvements • Launched 6th modernized satellite in 2008 • Largest GPS constellation size ever • Retiring old satellites improves overall GPS accuracy • Transitioned to entirely new, modernized master control station in 2007 • Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness • Added backup control station • Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station • 10-15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast

Increasing System Capabilities w Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit GPS Modernization Program Block IIA/IIR Block IIR-M, IIF Block III • Basic GPS • Standard Service • Single frequency (L1) • Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation • Precise Service • Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y) • Y-Code navigation • IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus • 2nd civil signal (L2C) • M-Code (L1M & L2M) • IIF: IIR-M capability plus • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Anti-jam flex power • Backward compatibility • 4th civil signal (L1C) • Increased accuracy • Increased anti-jam power • Assured availability • Navigation surety • Controlled integrity • Increased security • System survivability

Second Civil Signal (L2C) • Designed to meet commercial needs • Higher accuracy via ionospheric correction • Expected to generate over $5 billion in user productivity benefits • Available since 2005 • On 24 satellites by 2016 Benefits existing professional receivers Supports miniaturization, possible indoor use Increases accuracyfor consumers

Third Civil Signal (L5) • Designed to meet demanding requirements for transport safety • Uses highly protected Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARNS) band • May also enable global, decimeter-level accuracy using new techniques • Opportunity for international interoperability • Demonstration signal to be launched in 2009 • 24 satellites by 2018

Fourth Civil Signal (L1C) • Designed with international partners for interoperability • Modernized civil signal at L1 frequency • More robust navigation across a broad range of user applications • Improved performance in challenged tracking environments • Original signal retained for backward compatibility • Launches with GPS III in 2014 • On 24 satellites by ~2021 Under trees Inside cities

GPS III Update • Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded, May 2008 • Selective Availability feature to be eliminated • Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX) awarded, Nov 2007 • Will implement full functionality of L2C and L5 • Future increments of GPS III will incorporate additional capabilities • As technology matures and new requirements are validated

Nationwide Differential GPS Wide Area Augmentation System Continuously Operating Reference Stations Local Area Augmentation System U.S. Augmentations

Differential GPS Networks Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems Global Differential GPS System International GNSS Service International Augmentations

Intelsat 133°W Telesat 107°W Wide Area Augmentation System • Commissioned in 2003 to support aviation safety • GPS integrity monitoring with 6.2 second time to alert • Two replacement satellites launched in 2005 • Dual coverage over United States • Service expanded across North America in 2007 • Reference stations added in Mexico (5) and Canada (4) • WAAS Performance Standard released in 2008 WAAS Runway Approach Procedures Outnumber Category-I ILS Procedures

Nationwide Differential GPS • Expansion of maritime differential GPS (DGPS) network to cover terrestrial United States • Built to international standard adopted in 50+ countries • Department of Transportation recently re-committed to continuing inland element of NDGPS

National Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) • Enables highly accurate, 3-D positioning • Centimeter-level precision • Tied to National Spatial Reference System • 1,200+ sites operated by 200+ public, private, academic organizations • NOAA’s Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) automatically processes coordinates submitted via the web from around the world • OPUS-RS (Rapid Static) declared operational in 2007 • NOAA considering support for real-time networks

U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy

U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GPS Technology • No direct user fees for civil GPS services • Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis • Open, public signal structures for all civil services • Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value-added services • Encourages open, market-driven competition • Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS • Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide • Protection of radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference

Defense Transportation State Interior NATIONALEXECUTIVE COMMITTEEFOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA Agriculture Commerce NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA GPS International Working Group Chair: State Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation U.S. Space-Based PNT Organization Structure WHITE HOUSE Ad HocWorking Groups

Program Coordination Five-Year National Plan National PNT Architecture GPS modernization Civil GPS funding Semi-codeless GPS transition Nationwide Differential GPS Enhanced Loran Distress Alerting Satellite System International Cooperation Bilateral Multilateral Spectrum Management Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan Spectrum protection plan Outreach Publications, websites Educational exhibits Conferences, workshops, other venues Coordination of U.S. message Executive Committee Activities

Recent Accomplishments • New performance standards for civil GPS & WAAS • Semi-codeless GPS transition plan • Civil funding for civil-unique GPS capabilities • GPS III requirements summit • National PNT Architecture Guidance Memorandum • Cooperation plenary meetings: Europe, Japan, ICG • Agreements with Japan to establish QZSS monitoring stations in Hawaii & Guam • Renewed GPS commitment to IMO • Biennial GPS report to Congress • 2008 Federal Radionavigation Plan

U.S. Objectives in Working with Other GNSS Service Providers • Ensure compatibility ― ability of U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used separately or together without interfering with each individual service or signal • Radio frequency compatibility • Spectral separation between M-code and other signals • Achieve interoperability ― ability of civil U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used together to provide the user better capabilities than would be achieved by relying solely on one service or signal • Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals • Ensure a level playing field in the global marketplace Pursue Through Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation

Goal of Civil Interoperability Ideal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems • No additional receiver cost or complexity • No degradation in performance Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate

Current GNSS Relationships • Bilateral • Europe • Japan • Russia • India • Australia • Multilateral • International Committee on GNSS • Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation • ICAO, IMO, NATO

U.S.–Europe Cooperation • GPS-Galileo cooperation agreement signed in 2004 • Four working groups established: • Compatibility/Interoperability • Trade • Next-Generation GNSS • Security • Improved civil signal (“MBOC”) jointly adopted in 2007 • Plenary meeting held Oct 2008 • U.S. seeking EC authorization of commercial Galileo simulator sales

U.S.–Japan Cooperation • Joint statement on GPS cooperation signed in 1998 • Annual plenary meetings, ongoing technical working groups • Both countries benefit from close relationship • Japan’s Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) designed to be fully compatible and highly interoperable with GPS • U.S. and Japanese satellite-based augmentation systems (WAAS & MSAS) are highly interoperable • U.S. working with Japan to set up QZSS monitoring stations in Hawaii and Guam in exchange for data access • No trade disputes related to GPS

U.S.–Russia Cooperation • Joint statement on GPS-GLONASS cooperation issued in 2004 • Formal agreement currently under negotiation • Several very productive technical working group meetings have been held • Active exchange of information regarding future signal designs • GLONASS signal architecture still under discussion within the Russian Government • Last technical exchange held in Dec 2008

International Committee on GNSS • Promotes GNSS use and integration into infrastructures, particularly in developing countries • Encourages system compatibility, interoperability • Membership: GNSS providers, international organizations and associations • Providers Forum • United States, Europe, Russia, China, India, Japan • Focused discussions on compatibility, interoperability • Next meeting: Sep 2009 in St. Petersburg, Russia

Summary • GPS performance is better than ever and will continue to improve • Augmentations enable even higher performance • New civil GPS signal available now • Many additional upgrades scheduled • U.S. policy encourages worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations • International cooperation is a priority • Compatibility and interoperability are critical

For Additional Information… GPS.gov PNT.gov

6822 Herbert C. Hoover Building14th & Constitution Ave., NWWashington, D.C. 20230 Tel: (202) 482-5809Email: PNT.office@PNT.gov

U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Programs and Policy