Unit 9: Developmental Psychology

1. CHS AP Psychology Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Essential Task 9.9:Discuss maturational challenges in adolescence and the formation of identity (foreclosure, diffusion and moratorium). Compare and contrast Kohlberg and Gilligan’s models of moral development.

2. Puberty

3. Teen Anxiety and Mood Swings • Mood swings and anxiety, often caused by stress, are well known characteristics of puberty. • Anxiety is regulated by the brains's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA (gamma-amino-butyric-acid) which counteracts the effect of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain's limbic system.

4. Teen Anxiety and Mood Swings • Stress causes the release of a steroid known as THP which in adult and pre-pubescent individuals increases the "calming" effect of GABA in the limbic system. • THP has two roles, one in the limbic system where it helps to calm things down, and another in the hippocampus where in adolescents it heats things up. The hippocampus is important for emotion regulation.

5. Teen Birth Rates

6. Imaginary Audience: Teen’s version of egocentrism

7. Personal Fable I am special, and there’s no one else on Earth who knows what it is like to be me and go through the experiences I am having right now.

9. Morality Development: Piaget • Responses to moral problems can be divided into two broad stages: Moral Realism (Morality of Constraint) – Rules are sacred, consequences determine all guilt (6 yr olds) Moral Relativism (Morality of Cooperation) – Rules are flexible, intent is important in determining guilt (12 yr olds)

10. Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level I: Pre-conventional: Egocentric orientation focusing on moral consequences for the self; reasoning found until about 10 years of age Moral reasoning based on immediate consequences for the individual. An act is moral if a person isn’t punished for it. It is immoral if the person is punished. 1: Punishment - Obedience 2: Individualism and Exchange Moral reasoning based on reciprocity. An act is moral if a similar act occurs in return (i.e. satisfies own needs)

11. Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level II: Conventional: Moral reasoning linked to perspectives of, and concerns for, others (i.e. loyalty, obeying the law, family obligation); typical of 10 to 20 yr olds. Moral reasoning based on concern for others or the opinions of others. An act is moral if others demonstrate similar acts, or it helps others (i.e. behavior likely to please others) 3: Good boy-nice girl Moral reasoning based on rules, laws, and orderly society. An act is moral if it follows rules or promotes an orderly society. 4: Law and Order

12. Morality Development: Kohlberg • Level III: Post-conventional. Reasoning transcends society’s rules; reflects an understanding that rules sometimes need to be changed/ignored. Moral reasoning based on principled agreements among people. An act is moral if it is consistent with a principled agreement. (ex: Bill of Rights) 5: Social Contract Moral reasoning based on abstract principles. An act is moral if it is consistent with an abstract principle that transcends an individual’s society. 6: Universal Ethical

13. Morality Development: Exercise (I) 1. If I stay out I will be in big trouble with my parents. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Preconventional Ethics: Young children, some teenagers • It’s not like they’ve never broken a promise to me. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Preconventional Ethics: Young children, some teenagers • My parents and I agreed that midnight was fair, and you can’t go back on your agreements. Stage 5: Social Contract Postconventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students 4. If I stay out my parents will be worried. Stage 3: Good boy-nice girl Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students

14. Morality Development: Exercise (II) • It’s the curfew, so I’ll be in by midnight. Stage 4: Law and order Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students • My friends have curfews, too, and they’re going to be home by then. Stage 3: Good boy Nice Girl Conventional Ethics: Middle school to high school students

15. Summary of Kohlberg’s Six Stage Theory of Morality Development: 1: Punishment and Obedience Moral reasoning based on immediate consequences for the individual. 2: Market Exchange Moral reasoning based on reciprocity. An act is moral if a similar act occurs in return. 3: Interpersonal Harmony Moral reasoning based on concern for others or the opinions of others. 4: Law and Order Moral reasoning based on rules, laws, and an orderly society. 5: Social Contract Moral reasoning based on principled agreements among people.   6: Universal Principles Moral reasoning based on abstract principles.

16. Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan:Moral Development • Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory • Acceleration of moral development through instruction is limited • Moral dilemmas are too removed from everyday social interactions  Too much emphasis on moral reasoning and not enough on moral behavior  Research sample (white males) limits the generalizability of the findings

17. Morality Development: Gender Differences • Are there gender differences? Do men and women approach moral dilemmas differently? • Some suggest: • Men: judgment on abstract concepts (justice, rules, individual rights) • Women: Interpersonal connections and attention to human needs • Ultimately, findings mixed • Kohlberg focused exclusively on cognitive aspects of moral reasoning/development