Day 141: The Stormy 60’s

1. Day 141: The Stormy 60’s Baltimore Polytechnic Institute April 16, 2012 A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

2. Reading Check 1. This Republican lost to John F. Kennedy in the 1960 Presidential Election. 2. This Presidential action failed in April 1961 and resulted in JFK appearing weak and indecisive. 3. This leader of the Soviet Union in the early 1960s was able to manipulate JFK and 2 separate occasions. 4. This was built in August 1961 to prevent a loss of population and also demonstrated the iron curtain that Churchill spoke about after WWII. 5. Kennedy was able to avert nuclear disaster in October 1962 during this event.

3. The Stormy 60s Objectives: Indicate how America reacted to Pearl Harbor and prepared to wage war against both Germany and Japan. Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and the mobilization of manpower and womanpower for both the military and wartime production. Describe the war’s effects on American society, including regional migration, race relations, and women’s roles. Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them. AP Focus Early in the war, Germany, Japan, and Italy have considerable military success. The Allies, except for France, which had surrendered in 1940, are fortunate not to be overwhelmed completely. Fearing that they will be disloyal, President Roosevelt orders the detention of Japanese Americans, a serious violation of basic American civil rights.

4. Chapter Focus Chapter Themes Unified by Pearl Harbor, America effectively carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society. Following its “get Hitler first” strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule. The slower strategy of island-hopping against Japan also proceeded successfully until the atomic bomb brought a sudden end to World War II.

5. November 22, 1963-JFK assassinated Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public Title VII-empowered the EEOC Affirmative Action-executive order in 1965 Great Society-War on Poverty meant to transform American way of life education, medical care for elderly/indigent, immigration reform, voting rights bill Medicare-April 1965 Medicaid-April 1965 DOT HUD-Robert C. Weaver

6. Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the “national origins” quota since 1921 doubled the number annually and limited immigrants from the Western Hemisphere family unification provision Head Start education for underprivileged youth

7. Presidential Election of 1964 Democrats nominate Lyndon B. Johnson won a Senate seat in 1948 by 87 votes Republicans nominate Barry Goldwater 486-52 Electoral vote 43,129,566 to 27,178,188 popular vote Conservatism versus Liberalism August 1964-U.S. Navy cooperating with South Vietnam gunboats in provocative raids along the coast of North Vietnam Irony: LBJ painted Goldwater as a trigger-happy cowboy who would lead us into a nuclear war.

8. Civil Rights Movement In Mississippi largest African-American minority population of any state, 5% of eligible African-Americans were registered Law required names of prospective black registrants to be published for 2 weeks in local newspapers Freedom Summer of 1964 June 1964-James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner killed and buried beneath an earthern dam FBI investigated and no one was convicted at the state level, only violations of civil rights Integrated Mississippi Freedom Democratic party denied seats at the National Democratic convention

9. In Alabama African-Americans made up 50% of population, but only 1% of the voters 2 deaths occurred during a peaceful march to Montgomery, the state capital LBJ said, “and we shall overcome” Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests, sent federal voter registrars into southern states passed 100 years after the end of the Civil War

10. Black Power Voting Rights Act symbolized the end of the non-violent demonstrations led by MLK Watts riot erupted 5 days after the VRA signed into law Blacks cited police brutality as the spark burned and looted their own neighborhoods for a week 31 African-Americans dead, 3 Caucasians Militant confrontation Opposition to MLK’s approach Malcolm X(Malcolm Little) “blue-eyed white devils” Elijah Muhammed-separatist preaching’s assassinated in early 1965 in NYC

11. Black Panther party guns and butter in Oakland, CA Stokely Carmichael-former leader of SNCC Black Power-”will smash everything Western civilization has created” Riots Newark, NJ 1967-25 dead Detroit, MI 1967-43 dead White Americans threatened retaliation Northern riots difficult to understand Focus on economic demands now, instead of civil rights MLK assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN by James Earl Ray 125 cities experienced riots including D.C. and Baltimore Black mayors in Gary, IN and Cleveland, OH by the late 1960’s

12. Combating communism in 2 Hemispheres Dominican Republic (April 1965) target of a Castro-like coup by “Communist conspirators” dispatched American troops Vietcong attacked American air base at Pleiku, S. Vietnam in February 1965 March 1965-”Operation Rolling Thunder” 184,000 troops by the end of 1965 Corrupt and collapsing Saigon governments U.S. commitment, treaty pledges to resist communist expansion 500,000 troops by 1968

13. Vietnam Vexations Many countries expelled American Peace Corps volunteers Charles de Gaulle withdrew from NATO in 1966 wanted all American troops out of France Israel attacked by Egypt, Jordan and Syria Israel won the 6-day war June 1967 Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip and the West Bank William Fulbright lead hearings on Vietnam “credibility gap” aim of the war cabinet members pushed out LBJ utilized the CIA to spy on domestic antiwar activists encouraged the FBI as well

14. Vietnam Topples Johnson Tet Offensive-late January 1968 Opposition grew LBJ suffering through agony Military requested 200,000 more troops Eugene McCarthy won 41.4% in the New Hampshire March primary, second to LBJ RFK entered the 1968 race March 31, 1968-LBJ would not run, freeze troop levels, and scale back the bombing

15. 1968 Election RFK assassinated on June 5, 1968 Chicago Riots at the Democratic convention in August of 1968 Hubert H. Humphrey won the nomination for the Democrats Republicans nominate Richard M. Nixon MD governor Spiro T. Agnew 3rd party-American Independent Party George Wallace of AL Curtis LeMay-former Air force general bombing them back to the Stone Age 301 for Nixon-31,785,480 191 for Humphrey-31,275,166 46 for Wallace-9,906,473

16. Class Discussion 1. Begin 1960’s chart 2.

17. Homework Read Chapter 38 Prepare for 5 question reading check on Wednesday