Essential Properties of Water for Life on Earth

1. Biology EOC Review

2. Biology Review L.18.12 – Properties of WaterDiscuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent. • Identify examples of water's properties that sustain life (e.g. ice floats, water movement through plants, water cycle). • Explain the properties of water at a conceptual level. • Explain how the properties of water make water essential for life on Earth.

3. What are the properties of water and how do they influence life on Earth? • Water is a versatile solvent. • Less dense as a solid. • High specific heat • Does not change temperature very fast. • Hydrogen Bonding makes cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension • Allow water to move from roots to leaves in plants

4.  How does water dissolve substances? • Water is polar it has a slight positive and negative charge that allows it to separate and dissolve other substances.

5. Water • Key Vocabulary: adhesion, cohesion, endothermic, exothermic heat capacity, polarity, surface tension, solute, solution, solvent • http://www.schooltube.com/video/b36a222fcdfef2db9af8/Properties-Of-Water

6. Biology Review L.18.1 – Macromolecules, EnzymesDescribe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules • Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start reaction. • Identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity. • Identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids. • Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. • Describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms. • Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.

7. Phospholipid What are the elements that make up the 4 macromolecules in the body? • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen

8. How do each of the four major categories of macromolecules support the body? • Carbohydrates- • Main source of short term energy • Proteins • Control chemical reactions (enzymes) • Bone/muscle formation • Move substances in/out of cells • Antibodies • Lipids- • Long term energy storage • Cushions organs • Make up cell membrane • Make hormones • Nucleic Acids- • DNA and RNA

9. How do enzymes act as catalysts? • Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions

10. How do various factors affect enzymes? • pH • Temperature • Concentration

11. Biochemistry • Key Vocabulary: acid, activation energy, amino acid, atom, base, carbohydrate, catalyst, compound, DNA, element, energy, enzyme, inorganic, lipid, macromolecule, molecule, nucleic acid, organic, pH, protein

12. Biology Review L.14.1 – Cell TheoryDescribe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science. • Describe and/or explain the principles of the cell theory. • Describe how continuous investigations and/or new scientific information influenced the development of the cell theory. • Explain the development of a theory. • Students will recognize the differences between theories and laws.

13. What are the 3 main points of the cell theory? • All living things are made up of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. • New cells can only be produced from preexisting cells.

14. What technology advanced cell theory? • More was learned about cells as microscopes improved.

15. How is a theory developed?   • A theory is based off of lots of supported evidence from science experiments.

16. How do you differentiate between a theory and a law? • A law states what is happening. • A theory attempts to explainwhythings occur • A theory can never be proven and cannot turn into a law.

17. Biology Review L.14.3 – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsAnimal and Plant Cells, Cell TransportCompare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Compare and/or contrast the structures found in plant cells and in animal cells. • Compare and/or contrast the structures found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • Describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell. • Explain the role of the cell membrane during active and passive transport

18. How do you differentiate between an animal cell and a plant cell? • Plant cells have: • Chloroplasts • Large Vacuole • Cell Wall • Animal • No cell wall or chloroplasts • Both Plant and Animal • Eukaryotic

19. How do you differentiate between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?  • Prokaryotic • No nucleus • Bacteria • ONLY unicellular • Eukaryotic • Has a nucleus • Any organism EXCEPT bacteria • Uni- or Multicellular • Membrane bound organelles • Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic • DNA • Ribosomes • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm

20. How do cell structures support cell function?   • Every cell organelle has a specific function.

21. How does the cell membrane support cells in getting needed nutrients • A cell membrane is semi-permeable. It allows certain nutrients to flow in and out of the cell. This is possible through active or passive transport. • Active Transport- Requires energy (ATP) • Passive Transport- Does not require energy • Ex: Osmosis • Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion

22. How did eukaryotic cells evolve? • Endosymbiotic Theory-idea that early mitochondria & chloroplasts were once small prokaryotic cells that were taken in by large prokaryotic cells and became organelles in eukaryotic cells.

23. Key Vocabulary: active transport, cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, diffusion, equilibrium, eukaryote, nucleus, organelle, osmosis, passive transport, photosynthesis, prokaryote, ribosome, semi-permeable

24. Biology Review L.18.9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationExplain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Explain how reactants and products of photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa. • Explain how photosynthesis stores energy and cellular respiration releases energy. • Identify the reactants, products and/or the basic function of photosynthesis. • Identify the reactants, products, and/or the basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. • Connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell. • Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things.

25. How do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle? • The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration and vice versa.

26. How does photosynthesis create the food that is used for energy in cellular respiration? • Photosynthesis creates glucose that is used in the process of cellular respiration to make energy (ATP).

27. What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?(give equation) • CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 +O2 • Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen • Needs Sunlight • Occurs in chloroplast

28. What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?(give equation) • C6H12O6 +O2  CO2 + H2O (ATP is released) • Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water (ATP is released) • Occurs in mitochondria

29. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? • Aerobic Respiration • Making ATP in the presence of oxygen • Makes more ATP • Anaerobic Respiration • Making ATP without the presence of oxygen • Create Lactic Acid (OUCH!) • Makes less ATP

30. What is the role of ATP in energy transfer? • ATP – has 3 phosphates, it loses a phosphate and releases energy for cells. • ADP- has 2 phosphates, gains a phosphate from food and recharges energy.

31. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Key Vocabulary: ATP, aerobic, anaerobic, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, products, reactants

32. Biology Review L.16.17 – Mitosis/ MeiosisCompare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. • Differentiate the processes of mitosis and meiosis. • Describe the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction, and/or the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation. • Describe specific events occurring in each of the stages of the cell cycle and/or phases of mitosis. • Explain how mitosis forms new cells and its role in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. • Explain how cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle. • Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. • Explain how meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.

33. What are the stages of mitosis and how do they produce identical copies of cells? Mitosis= cell division Before Cell Division • Interphase- Chromosomes duplicate, cell prepares for mitosis Mitosis Stages • Prophase- Chromosomes condense • Metaphase- Chromosomes meet in the middle • Anaphase- Chromosome pull away • Telophase- cell separating • Cytokinesis- Separation of cells is complete

34. How does mitosis maintain the chromosome number in the parent cells? • The chromosomes duplicate (make a copy of)themselves before cell division or mitosis. • Occurs in interphase, when the cell is preparing to divide.

35. How does mitosis allow for asexual reproduction? • Mitosis is making an exact copy of the cell. In mitosis there no exchange or recombination of DNA. • Examples of Asexual Reproduction: Cutting off a piece of plant and replanting it, budding, and binary fission in bacteria.

36. What are the steps in meiosis that result in the formation of haploid gametes? • Haploid= half the number of chromosomes • Ex: Human gametes are haploid (23 chromosomes) • The chromosomes in the original cell duplicate and the cell then goes through two cell divisions.

37. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for creating genetic diversity? • Meiosis creates gametes. • Each cell created as a result of meiosis are different because of independent assortment and crossing over

38. How are mitosis and meiosis similar but different? • Mitosis • Start with 1 diploid cell; end with 2 diploid cells • Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) • Creates cells that are identical • Meiosis • Start with 1 cell diploid; end with 4 haploid cells • Creates gametes (sex cells) that are genetically different

39. How can independent assortment and crossing over occur during meiosis? • Crossing over -the exchange of chromosome pieces between homologous chromosomes. • Independent assortment- Chromosomes can arrange themselves independently during meiosis. • Both crossing over and independent assortment results in genetically unique gametes.

40. Crossing Over

41. Independent Assortment

42. Mitosis/Meiosis- Cell Division • Key Vocabulary: chromatid, chromosome, diploid, gamete, haploid, meiosis, mitosis, nucleus, replication, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

43. Biology Review L.16.1 – Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance patternsUse Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. • Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. • Describe the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation. • Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance • Identify, analyze, and/or predict inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance.

44. Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for genetic diversity? • The process of meiosis produces gametes (sex cells). • Each cell created from meiosis is genetically different. When gametes meet a new DNA combination is created.

45. How do the laws of segregation and independent assortment affect the analysis of inheritance patterns? • Traits are inherited independently of one another. • Ex: Just because you have blonde hair does not mean you will have blue eyes.

46. How does the mode of inheritance (dominance, co-dominance, etc.) affect the prediction and analysis of inheritance patterns?Codominanace – both show through Incomplete – mix of the two

47. Mendel’s Law and Inheritance • Key Vocabulary: alleles, codominant, dominant, gene, genetics, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homologous, homozygous, hybrid, incomplete dominance, independent assortment, pedigree, phenotype, pigment, polygenic, purebred, recessive, segregation, sex-linked, trait

48. Biology Review L.16.3 – DNA ReplicationDescribe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information. • Describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role in the transmission and conservation of genetic information. • Explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their roles in the expression of genes. • Explain the basic components of DNA are universal in organisms • Describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA sequence. • Explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or may not result in a phenotypic change

49. How does the process of DNA replication enable genetic information to be transmitted and used to build proteins? • DNA  RNA  Protein • DNA Replication= making an identical copy of a DNA strand • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew

50. How do the processes of transcription and translation determine how genes are expressed? DNA  RNA  Protein • Transcription- making mRNA from DNA • Translation- making proteins from mRNA • Amino acids link together to make proteins