Progressive Movement Who were they?

1. Progressive MovementWho were they? • Middle class reformers • Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life • Journalists- working conditions, child labor • Intellectuals-questioned large corporations • Political reformers-more responsive to citizens

2. Progressive Movement1900-1917 • Dealt with problems from • Industrialization • Urbanization-this brought the issue of: • Immigration (SE Europe) • Gilded Age • (Titanic) “Haves and Haves Not”

3. Angry over: • American Businesses: too much power, controlled politics • Social Darwinism- poor stay poor • Progressives: citizens could perfect society (late 1800s) • Government should help out the poor • Rise of the Federal Government

4. Progressives start at the local level: • Women step out of home in attempt to clean up society and the urban overcrowding and poverty • Based on Christianity • Target drinking, prostitution, gambling • “brought by immigrants, Christians duty to save their souls”

5. Four Main Goals • Protecting Social Welfare • Promoting Moral Improvement • Creating Economic Reform • Fostering Efficiency

6. Social Welfare • Social Gospel • Community centers • Churches • Settlement Houses • Hull House, Jane Adams • Salvation Army • Soup kitchens, nurseries, “slum brigades” • YMCA- Young Men’s Christian Association • Libraries, swimming pools, classes,

7. Social Welfare Florence Kelley • Worked in Hull House • 1899- improve factory conditions • Improve lives of women and children • “Why are seals, bears, reindeer, fish, wild game in the national parks, buffalo, and migratory birds all found suitable for federal protection, but not children?” • Secretary of National Consumers’ League • Promoted reforms • Illinois Factory Act-1893 prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours

8. Moral Improvement • Morality, not the workplace, was the key to improving the lives of poor people • Improve personal behavior • Prohibition • alcohol undermined American morals • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Cleveland, Ohio, 1874 • Crusaded Prohibition

9. WCTU members entered bars: prayed, sang and urged owners to stop selling alcohol • Frances Willard transformed WCTU • 1879- small midwestern group • 1911- 245,000 members • “Do Everything”- Willard slogan • Kindergartens for immigrants • Visiting inmates in prison/assylums • Promote suffrage • Hatchetnations- Carry Nations (p. 307) • Walk into bars and destroy liquor bottles

10. Anti-Saloon League 1895 (After WCTU) • This caused tension between league and immigrants • Saloons- helped immigrant community • Cashed paychecks • Served meals

11. Economic Reform • Moral reformers, focus on individual behavior; economic reformers prompted by panic in 1893. • Questions Capitalist system • Embraced socialism • Eugene V Debbs- American socialist party in 1901 • Uneven balance among big business, government, and ordinary people

12. Progressives are NOT socialist • Saw truth to Debb’s argument • Big business received favorable treatment from gov officials and politicians and used its economic power to limit competition

13. Muckrakers • John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress • “Too busy with rake to clean up the muck of this world” • Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines, journals, books, etc.

14. Muckrakers • David Philips-Treason of State • Competition in the Senate • Theodore Dreiser-The Financer; The Titan • Industrialist • Ida Wells- Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in all its Phases • Lynching of AA • Edith Wharton- The House of Mirth • Ecclesiastes 7:4- The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth • Close mindedness of elite society • Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil Co • Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition • Lincoln Steffens- The Shame of the Cities • Corruption with political machines

15. UPTON SINCLAIR JACOB RIIS • The Jungle • How the Other Half Lives

16. Economic Reform • Move away from Lassiez- Faire • Government starts stepping in to control monopolies and to encourage competition

18. Fostering Efficiency • Experts and scientific principles to make society and work place more efficient • Frederick Winslow Taylor- time and motion • Taylorism aka Scientific Management • Breaks down every job, action and task into smaller sections • Book Principles of Scientific Method • Maximum efficiency from both machine and worker=maximum profit • Treated workers as mindless, emotionless

19. Thank you Taylor!

20. Henry Ford and the Assembly Line • First one to build conveyer belt • Keep workers happy and to prevent strikes: • Reduced workday to 8 hours • $5 a day • “Everybody will be able to afford [a car], and about everyone will have one”

21. Henry Ford and Model T

22. Political Reform (local and state level) • Make government more efficient • Problems: • #1 in big cities, political bosses rewarded supporters with jobs and kickbacks • Favors or bribes for votes • #2 Big business owners having a strong hold with politics

23. Political Reform: Mayor • Hazen Pingree- Detroit, Michigan • Economic focus- fair tax structure, lowered fares for transportation, removed corruption, work relief system for the unemployed • Tom Johnson Cleveland, Ohio • Socialist • Citizens active role in city government • Circus tent meetings-anyone invited to question officials on business conduct • Both worked to remove greed from utility owners

24. Political Reform: State Level • Many states passed laws to regulate Railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies, and other large business • Robert M. La Follette- Wisconsin governor • Regulate big business • Main focus- rail road • Taxed railroad property • Regulated rates • Forbade free passes to state officials

25. Political Reform: Elections • William U’Ren, Oregon- secret ballot (Australian ballot) • Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers • Referendum- voters either accept or reject • Recall- remove public officials from office by another election before term ends

26. Political Reform:Seventeenth Amendment • Senators elected by the people NOT the House of Representatives • Populist Reform (Hunter’s Awesome)

27. Protecting Children • Child labor increasing • Worked cheaper and small hands • Parents needed kids to work to pull the family out of poverty • More prone to accidents due to fatigue • Serious health problems and growth stunt • 1904, National Child Labor Committee • Investigations • Used” photographs • “Child labor lowered wages for all workers”

28. Keating-Owen Act-1916 • Prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor • Two years later SC called unconstitutional bc interfered with states’ rights to regulate labor

29. 1908 Muller v Oregon • Louis Brandeis worked with Florence Kelley • Women required the states protection against powerful employees • 10 hour work day

30. 1917 Bunting V Oregon • 10 hour work day for men

31. Progressives= workers comp • Aid families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job

32. WOMEN • Gender roles • What women were expected to do • Devote time to taking care of families

33. Women Farmers • Cook, clean, sew, laundry • Raise livestock • Plow and plant

34. Women in Industry • Garment industry • $$ half as men • Offices, stores, classrooms • High school education • Business schools • Telephone operator (p.314) • Receptionist, shorthand

35. Domestic Workers • U.S. Census Bureau any occupation that includes: • launderers, cooks, housekeepers, childcare workers, cleaners and servants • 70 % women 1870 • 2 million AA

36. Betye Saar.The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972.

37. Gender Roles + Progressivism • Still expected to fulfill domestic roles, women colleges still strived to provided an excellent education. • By the late 1800s, marriage not the only optionfor women • Late 1800s, ½ of the college-ed women never married to retain own independence • Applied education and skills to promoting social reforms

38. “We Need Reforms!” - women • Dangerous conditions • Low wages • Long hours • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 1911 • 146 workers (Jewish and Italian girls) died

39. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKdMuVu1wi8

40. “social housekeeping” • Educated women strengthened existing reform groups and provided leadership for new groups • Targeted workplace reform • Housing reform • Educational improvement • Food and drug laws

41. NACW • In 1896, AA women National Association of Colored Women (NACW) • Harriett Tubman, Ida B. Wells • 1st came together to dispute a letter written by James Jacks-president of Missouri Assoc. Press • He referred to African-American women as thieves and prostitutes. • During the next ten years campaigned in favor of women's Suffrageand against lynching and Jim Crow Laws • Mission of organization: “The moral education of the race with which we are identified” – Josephine Ruffin

42. Seneca Falls Convention of1848 In July of 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the first women's rights convention in American history.  Although the Convention was hastily organized and hardly publicized, over 300 men and women came to Seneca Falls, New York to protest the mistreatment of women in social, economic, political, and religious life.  The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions issued by the Convention, which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence, detailed the "injuries and usurpations" that men had inflicted upon women and demanded that women be granted all of the rights and privileges that men possessed, including the right to vote. 

43. Fourteenth Amendment • The right to vote for African Americans, but excluded women • Susan B. Anthony-leader of the women’s suffrage movement • Founded National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) • In 1890 united with National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

44. Powerful women feared by many Liquor industry- prohibition Textile industry- child labor protests Men (not all)- changing role of women in society

45. Three-part strategy for suffrage • #1- tried to convince state leg. for right to vote • Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho • #2- used court cases to test 14th amendment • Susan Anthony and others tried to vote 150 times using this argument: “women citizens too” • #3- push for constitutional amendment • It will take 41 years for this to happen

46. “Night of Terror” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_q2Aw464KI

47. Write down everything you notice. Read A Personal Voice on page 317