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COMMUNICATION MODEL. The way we Communicate. What is Communication?. The process of sending and reviewing messages to share meanings. Elements of the Model. Sender - Speaker Receiver - Listener Messages Feedback Encoding Decoding Interference . Verbal - using words volume tone.
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COMMUNICATION MODEL The way we Communicate
What is Communication? The process of sending and reviewing messages to share meanings.
Elements of the Model • Sender - Speaker • Receiver - Listener • Messages • Feedback • Encoding • Decoding • Interference
Verbal - using words volume tone Non-Verbal appearance gestures body movement eye contact spatial relations Two kinds of Messages
What is Feedback? • Reaction of the receiver to the sender’s message. • Tells the sender how to send the next message.
Encoding • How the sender decides to send the messages based on PREDICTIONS or prior knowledge about the receiver
Decoding • Applying meaning and understanding the message that has been sent
Interference • External • outside influences that affect communication • noisy room; airplane overhead • Internal • inside influences that affect communication • prejudices; anxiety; worry
Channels ofCommunication • Channels are the senses you use in communication • Hear • See • Touch
Levels of Information(Encoding = Predicting reactions) • Cultural - Little info. About receiver • Sociological - Some general info. About the receiver. • Individual - Personal knowledge of the receiver.
General Social Contact Self-Esteem Gain & Share knowledge Specific Exchange Info. Exerting Control Following Social rules Sharing Feelings Purposes of Communication
What is Perception? • Process of filtering and interpreting what your senses tell you so you can create a meaningful picture of the world.
Steps in Perception • Something affects the senses • see, hear, taste, smell, touch • interpret the sensation (give meaning to it)
Physical Differences Past Experiences; background Differences in Perception come from:
Differences in perception come from: • Present feelings; circumstances • Differences in using information
Differences in Perception come from: • Differences in expectations
Verbal Communication • Uses words: symbols that represent things but are not the things themselves. • Why language changes: the world is changing. New ideas and inventions need words to describe them.
Meanings of Words • Denotative Meaning---definition found in the dictionary • Connotative Meaning---everyday meaning; emotional or personal response to a word
Kinds of Language • Technical--area specific language; mechanic • Regional---specific to geographic area; soda vs. pop • Slang---phat • Cultural--specific to particular religious or ethnic group; barmitzvah
Exclude Include Put Down Build Up Reveal Self Conceal Self All of these verbal strategies are similar to the nonverbal strategies Verbal Strategies that affect communication
Nonverbal Communication • Sending and Receiving messages without the use of words. Involves: appearance, gestures, posture, eye contact, facial expressions, spatial relations, and time.
Intentional - using nonverbal techniques to support verbal message(s) Accidental - nonverbal messages sent that the sender is unaware of but still communicate a message. Can contradict verbals Nonverbal Communication
Vocal Cues as Nonverbals • Pitch---the highness or lowness of voice • Rate---how slowly or quickly a person talks • Volume---loudness or softness of voice • Quality---sound of the voice
Nonverbals Can: • Repeat • support • contradict • replace • regulate
Spatial Relations • Intimate space---up to 1 1/2 feet; hugging, telling secrets • Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet conversation • Social space---4 to 12 feet; group discussions • Public space---over 12 feet; calling or waving
Listening Accurate Receiving
Hearing - physical ability to pick up sound waves. Listening - 4 steps hear interpret understand recall Hearing vs. Listening
Barriers to Listening • Internal Distractions • External Distractions • Personal Biases • Conflicting Demands
Active Listening: Stay Tuned In
We understand 450 words per minute! • We speak only 175 words per minute. • How can we stay focused during the “wasted” time?
Staying Tuned in: Active Listening • Read nonverbals • Avoid distractions
Staying Tuned In: Active Listening • Apply the ideas to yourself • Paraphrase • Know your effect on the sender
Self-Concept • Beliefs about who you are based on perceptions, expectations, and others’ reactions • Formed early in life • Static---Hard to change
Self Concept and Self-Efficacy • Those with poor self-concept will complete tasks that are too EASY or too HARD • Self-efficacy is your belief on what you can do