Warm-up (11/14 & 11/15)

1. Warm-up (11/14 & 11/15) • Look over the cell respiration test - make sure you understand why you missed anything • Pick up a test from the front • When you are done, turn everything in to the front and retake the CBA as a group • Write your new answers on your warm-up sheet • We will go over the answers in 15 min

2. Objectives • To understand how to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from different parents

3. Homework • Study for Quiz 1 – next time • -Labeling pics of mitosis • -Labeling cell cycle • -Labeling a chromosome • -Study the mitosis vs. meiosis chart • Complete Punnett square worksheets • Begin working on Genetics brochure • -Due on 12/13 & 12/14

4. Mendelian Genetics

5. Gregor Mendel(1822-1884) Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits

6. Gregor Johann Mendel • Austrian monk • Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants • Developed the laws of inheritance • Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century

7. Gregor Johann Mendel • Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants • He found that the plants' offspring retained traits of the parents (heredity) • Called the “Father of Genetics"

8. Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic

9. Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles” Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA Particulate Inheritance

10. Genetic Terminology • Define these terms: • Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring • Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring • Genetics - study of heredity

11. Types of Genetic Crosses • Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single traite.g. flower color • Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant height

12. Punnett Square -Used to help solve genetics problems -Can only show the possible results of a genetic cross

14. Designer “Genes” • Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) • Dominant - stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented byacapital letter (R) • Recessive - gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by alowercase letter (r)

15. More Terminology • Genotype - gene combination for a trait(e.g. RR, Rr, rr) • Phenotype - the physical feature resulting from a genotype(e.g. red, white)

16. Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers Genotype of alleles:R= red flowerr= yellow flower All genes occur in pairs, so 2alleles affect a characteristic Possible combinations are: GenotypesRRRrrr PhenotypesRED RED YELLOW

17. Genotypes • Homozygousgenotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also calledpure  • Heterozygousgenotype - gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele    (e.g. Rr); also calledhybrid

18. Genes and Environment Determine Characteristics

19. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments

20. Why peas,Pisumsativum? • Can be grown in a small area • Produce lots of offspring • Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several generations • Can be artificially cross-pollinated

21. Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Pollen contains sperm • Produced by the stamen • Ovary contains eggs • Found inside the flower • Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization • Self-fertilization can occur in the same flower • Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers

22. Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination He traced traits through the several generations Mendel’s Experimental Methods

23. How Mendel Began Mendel produced pure strains by allowing the plants to self-pollinate for several generations

24. Eight Pea Plant Traits • Seed shape--- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) • Seed Color---- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y) • Pod Shape--- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) • Pod Color---  Green (G) or Yellow (g) • Seed Coat Color---Gray (G) or White (g) • Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a) • Plant Height--- Tall (T) or Short (t) • Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)

27. Mendel’s Experimental Results

28. Did the observed ratio match the theoretical ratio? The theoretical or expected ratio of plants producing round or wrinkled seeds is 3 round :1 wrinkled Mendel’s observed ratio was 2.96:1 The discrepancy is due to statistical error The larger the sample the more nearly the results approximate to the theoretical ratio

29. Generation “Gap” • Parental P1 Generation= the parental generation in a breeding experiment. • F1 generation= the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation) • From breeding individuals from the P1 generation • F2 generation= the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (2nd filial generation) • From breeding individuals from the F1 generation

30. Following the Generations Cross 2 Pure PlantsTT x tt Results in all HybridsTt Cross 2 Hybridsget3 Tall & 1 ShortTT, Tt, tt

31. Monohybrid Crosses

32. P1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: RoundseedsxRound seeds • RrxRr Genotype:RR Rr rr Phenotype:Round and wrinkled GenotypicRatio:1:2:1 PhenotypicRatio: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

33. P1 Monohybrid Cross Review • Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive • OffspringallHeterozygous(hybrids) • Offspring calledF1 generation • Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio isALL ALIKE

34. F1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: Roundseeds xRound seeds • Rrx Rr Genotype:RR, Rr, rr Phenotype:Round & wrinkled G.Ratio:1:2:1 P.Ratio: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

35. F1 Monohybrid Cross Review • Heterozygous x heterozygous • Offspring:25% Homozygous dominantRR50% HeterozygousRr25% Homozygous Recessiverr • Offspring calledF2 generation • Genotypic ratio is1:2:1 • Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1

36. What Do the Peas Look Like?

37. …And Now the Test Cross • Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid from his F2 generation • This is known as an F2 or test cross • There are two possible testcrosses:Homozygous dominant x HybridHomozygous recessive x Hybrid

38. F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st) • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: RoundseedsxRound seeds • RRx Rr Genotype:RR, Rr Phenotype:Round GenotypicRatio:1:1 PhenotypicRatio: All alike R r RR Rr R R RR Rr

39. F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd) • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: WrinkledseedsxRound seeds • rrx Rr R r Genotype:Rr, rr Phenotype:Round & Wrinkled G. Ratio:1:1 P.Ratio: 1:1 Rr rr r r Rr rr

40. F2 Monohybrid Cross Review • Homozygous x heterozygous(hybrid) • Offspring:50% Homozygous RR or rr50% HeterozygousRr • Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1 • Called Test Cross because the offspring have SAME genotype as parents

41. Warm-up (11/16 & 11/26) • -Have your Genetics notes out • -If you didn’t pick a genetic disorder before the break, see me to pick one • E = Free ear lobes • e = attached ear lobes Cross a heterozygous free-eared male with a woman with attached ear lobes • Write the genotypes of the parents • Write what genes each parent could have in each gamete • Draw the Punnett square • List the genotypic and phenotypic percentages • List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios

42. Mendel’s Laws

43. Results of Monohybrid Crosses • Inheritablefactors or genesare responsible for all heritable characteristics • Phenotype is based on Genotype • Each traitis based ontwo genes, one from the mother and the other from the father • True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both alleles) are the same

44. 1. Law of Dominance In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. All the offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait. RR x rryields all Rr (round seeds)

45. Law of Dominance

46. 2. Law of Segregation • During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. • Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

47. Applying the Law of Segregation

48. 3. Law of Independent Assortment • Alleles for differenttraits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. • This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.

49. Independent Assortment