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5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes - Tetrapods

5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes - Tetrapods. 350 mya. Devonian. 417 mya. Radiation of the “stem tetrapods” !!!. Carboniferous. Old friends. a fish. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes

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5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes - Tetrapods

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  1. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes - Tetrapods 350 mya Devonian 417 mya

  2. Radiation of the “stem tetrapods” !!! Carboniferous Old friends a fish

  3. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes - Tetrapods Caecilians Salamanders Frogs

  4. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes The amniotic egg was a big advance - amnion protects the embryo - yolk sac provides nourishment - allantoic sac holds waste produced by embryo Resist desiccation Provision embryo allows for colonization of dry habitats

  5. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes SYNAPSID Amniote ancestor Hylonomus Casineria ANAPSID (turtles?) DIAPSID

  6. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes The Permian Formation of Pangaea dries the landscape; amniotes dominate like the gymnosperms. shelled egg and the seed

  7. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Dimetrodon – a Pelycosaur Pelycosaurs The Permian The synapsids radiate and dominate Dicynodonts Gorgonopsids Therapsids Cynodonts Mammals A cynodont

  8. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Mammals - excellent transitional sequences from cynodont ‘reptiles’ - first fossils with all mammalian features (jaw, ear, dentition, fur) date to ~200 mya - Morganucodontids

  9. Radiations of Mammals They diversify during the Mesozoic, but the modern groups radiate and dominate in the Cenozoic

  10. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Mammals - Monotremes: lay eggs, “sweat” milk

  11. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Mammals - Monotremes: egg laying, “sweat” milk - Marsupials: live birth to embryo – attaches to nipple to complete development. Mother does not need to abandon the nest/young to feed. Pygmy possum – Australia (opossums in Western Hemisphere)

  12. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Mammals - Monotremes: egg laying, “sweat” milk - Marsupials: live birth to embryo – attaches to nipple to complete development. Mother does not need to abandon the nest/young to feed. - Placentals: Longer internal development allows for precocial behavior (independence on birth); placental allows for direct, energy-efficient transfer of nutrients between blood systems of mother and offspring. FOOD DIGESTION Each energy transformation is less than 100% efficient Nutrients in bloodstream of mother Milk production in mammary glands FOOD for OFFSPRING Placenta Nutrients in bloodstream of offspring DIGESTION

  13. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Mammals - Monotremes: egg laying, “sweat” milk - Marsupials: live birth to embryo – attaches to nipple to complete development. Mother does not need to abandon the nest/young to feed. - Placentals: Longer internal development allows for precocial behavior (independence on birth); placental allows for more direct and energy-efficient nutrient transfer precocial altricial

  14. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes In the Mesozoic, the synapsids are replaced by the great diapsid radiations of Ichthyosaurs, Pterosaurs, and Dinosaurs Archosaurs: Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, Crocodilians, Birds Lepidosaurs:Lizards, Snakes, Sphenodonts) Diapsida Ichthyosaurs Younginiformes

  15. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes - Archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs Ornithiscians Dinosaurs Sauropods Theropods Carnosaurs Saurischians Birds

  16. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes Birds: (derived traits) No teeth Feathers and endothermy flight feathers keeled breastbone Clavicles united into wishbone Pneumatic skeleton (houses air sacs from respiratory system) Unidirectional respiration

  17. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes In the Mesozoic, the synapsids are replaced by the great diapsid radiations of Ichthyosaurs, Pterosaurs, and Dinosaurs Archosaurs: Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, Crocodilians, Birds Lepidosaurs:Lizards, Snakes, Sphenodonts) Diapsida Ichthyosaurs Younginiformes

  18. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes - Lepidosaurs Keuhniosaurs Squamates Scales, moveable quadrate (double hinged jaw), hinged skull Rhynchocephalians (Tuatara)

  19. 5. Major Phyla Deuterostomes: l. Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomes Tetrapods - Amniotes - Lepidosaurs - Squamates

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