Postwar Turmoil: Cold War, Hot War, & Global Dynamics

1. 1945–1953 CHAPTER 24 COLD WAR AND HOT WAR CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “…the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce…” American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the containment of Soviet expansion, 1946

3. TIMELINE 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Smith v. Allwright 1945 United Nations created 1946 Morgan v. Virginia Mendez v. Westminster President Truman stops railroad workers and coal miners strikes Churchill warns of Russian “iron curtain” Philippines independence Indian Claims Commission

4. TIMELINE continued 1947 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers Britain unable to provide financial assistant to Greece and Turkey President’s Committee on Civil Rights Truman’s federal employee loyalty program National Security Act 1948 UN Human Rights Charter Shelley v. Kraemer Anticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in South Africa Britain withdraws from Palestine Harry Truman wins Presidency 1949 Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted of promoting overthrow of U.S. government National Secuirty Act amendments

5. TIMELINE continued 1950 Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma U.S. forces arrive in Korea Alger Hiss convicted of perjury McCarthy’s list of 250 Communists in the State Department National Security Councils-68 1952 McCarran-Walter Act 1953 Rosenbergs executed for treason

6. COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview • The Uncertainties of Victory • The Quest for Security • A Cold War Society • The United States and Asia

7. THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY • Global Destruction • Vacuums of Power • Postwar Reconversion • Contesting Racial Hierarchies • Class Conflict

8. Global Destruction • 60 million lives lost in World War II • America’s trading partners, Europe and Asia, lost their purchasing powers • U.S. versus Russia hampers postwar reconstruction

9. Vacuums of Power • Fascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism: Losers at the end of WWII • Socialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum • Labor party in Britain • Soviet Union • Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia • Indonesia gains independence from Dutch • India gains independence from Britain • Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam • United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945

10. Postwar Reconversion • The “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 • Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college and vocational training • Factories: convert from war materials to consumer products • War-time rationing lifted • Housing scarce: 1/3 still live in poverty • Women: returning men push women from jobs; federal daycare facilities discontinued

11. Contesting Racial Hierarchies • Returning from fighting racism, minority challenges • Return to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation • Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools • Popular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson, • Segregation overturned for Mexican Americans in California schools; Native Americans help pass anti-discrimination law in Alaska

12. Class Conflict • Labor unions suffer blows • Major railroad workers and miners strikes crushed • CIO’s attempt to organize a diverse group of southern workers fails • The Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections • Taft-Hartley Act

13. THE QUEST FOR SECURITY • Redefining National Security • Conflict with the Soviet Union • The Policy of Containment • Colonialism and the Cold War • The Impact of Nuclear Weapons

14. Redefining National Security • The United States primary goal: • The creation and preservation of a free-trading capitalist world order • The Soviet Union and western Europeans consideration of communism • Secretary of State Acheson: “Hopeless and hungry people often resort to desperate measures.”

15. Conflict with theSoviet Union • U.S.: capitalism and openess • Soviet Union: communism and border protection • Germany: (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or (Soviet) kept impoverished to protect the Soviet Union • Poland: Allies insist on free elections, Soviets want control of Poland • Iran: Soviet encouraged uprising • Turkey and Greece: Soviets desire for control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles

16. The Policy of Containment • Kennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications” • Churchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe • Continued U.S. military presence around the world • The Truman Doctrine • The rebuilding of Germany and Japan

17. Colonialism and the Cold War • NATO: colonial powers of Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, and Portugal • Independence to avoid revolutions • Philippines • Vietnam (France holds onto) • Palestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel

18. Europe Divided by the Cold War

19. The Impact of Nuclear Weapons • Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred • Navajo uranium miners • Weapon plans leak radioactivity into groundwater • Radioactive waste and where to put it?

20. A COLD WAR SOCIETY • Family Lives • The Growth of the South and the West • Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform • The Cold War at Home • Who is a Loyal American?

21. Family Lives • Suburbia • Levittown • 1950: housing construction at 1.7 million • Segregation by moves to suburbia • “The Perfect Family” with highly defined gender roles, and the importance of child-rearing

22. The Growth of the South and the West • U.S. military bases in the South and on the west coast; and the Alaska-Canada highway • The Sunbelt in the South: the car and air-conditioning • California’s agricultural boom

23. Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform • National health care program stopped by conservatives calling it communist policy • Truman courts the black vote in swing states with a platform of Civil Rights

24. The Cold War at Home • The Rosenbergs • “Henry Wallace and his Communists” • Internal Security Act of 1950: requires Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration • House Un-American Activities Committee • McCarthyism

25. Who is a Loyal American? • Family life becomes primary and religion grows • Black America: • NAACP distances themselves from any perceived socialism/communism • W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson • Native Americas • Indian Claims Commission and Dillon Myer • Asian Americans • McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

26. THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA • The Chinese Civil War • The Creation of the National Security State • At War in Korea

27. The Chinese Civil War • China: missionaries and America’s market • Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong • October 1, 1949: China becomes the People’s Republic of China • Nationalists retreat to Taiwan

28. The Creation of the National Security State • Soviet Union and their first nuclear bomb • National Security Council document 68 (NSC-68) • Imperatives of military power • Global involvement • Increased defense spending • Central Intelligence Agency • National Security Council

29. At War in Korea • June 25, 1950: Communist North Korea crosses the 38th parallel into South Korea • Late June 1950, U.S. forces arrive in Korea • Police action, not declared war • Russia perceived as instigator • McArthur

30. The Korean War