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Ocular Anatomy Overview: Conjunctiva, Reflexes, and Pathways

Detailed examination of ocular structures including conjunctiva, reflexes for visual acuity and light, and pathways for pupil constriction. Also covers ocular muscles, fundus observation, and tears source.

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Ocular Anatomy Overview: Conjunctiva, Reflexes, and Pathways

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  1. Describe Conjunctiva

  2. Conjunctiva is translucent and clear. The pink color of palpebral conjunctiva is due to underlying vascular bed. White Sclera is seen through bulbar conjunctiva

  3. Note conjunctival reflection

  4. Note anterior and posterior chamber. Note ciliary body and lens connection

  5. Diagnosis

  6. Sub conjunctival hemorrhage. Sharply demarcated.

  7. Afferent pathway for visual acuity?

  8. Retina-Optic nerve-Optic chiasma-Optic radiation-Occiptal lobe visual cortex.

  9. Note fovea as center for visual field. Locate site for blind spot in retina

  10. Center of optic disc has no retinal receptors and leads to blind spot.

  11. Pathway for light reflex?

  12. Afferent: Retina-optic nerve-mid brain Efferent: Both oculo motor nerves

  13. Note direct and consensual light reflex

  14. Sorry the pupillary contraction on right is not visible

  15. Note the pathway for pupillary contraction

  16. Direct reflex on right Consensual reflex on left

  17. Note the pathway for light reflex

  18. Is this light reflex normal?

  19. Yes. Note direct and consensual light reflex

  20. Is this light reflex normal?

  21. Afferent path on left eye is abnormal.

  22. Which muscles are in action?

  23. Right lateral rectus and left medial rectus. Gaze is conjugate.

  24. Which nerves are in action?

  25. Right abducens (right lateral rectus) and left oculomotor nerve (left medial rectus). Gaze is conjugate.

  26. Which nerves are in action

  27. Oculomotor nerves. Superior rectus in action. Gaze is conjugate.

  28. Which cranial nerves are in action?

  29. Both oculomotor nerves Inferior recti in action

  30. Identify the ocular muscles

  31. Levator palpabrae supreioris Superior rectus Inferior recrtus

  32. Appreciate position of ocular muscles

  33. Superior oblique: Trochlear nerve Lateral rectus: Abducens nerve Oculomotor supplies the rest

  34. Ocular muscles influenced by sympathetic system

  35. Levator palpabrae superioris Iris muscle Muscle in floor of orbit

  36. Is the technique appropriate?

  37. No. You should look at left fundus with your left eye.

  38. Identify artery and vein

  39. Artery is narrow with light reflex Vein is thicker than artery and is red

  40. Diagnosis

  41. Leukemic infiltration

  42. Diagnosis

  43. Macroglobunemia

  44. Source for tears?

  45. Lacrimal gland • Meibonian glands • Conjunctival glands Drained by puncta into lacrimal sac and on to nasolacrimal duct into nose.

  46. Note pathway for aqueous humor

  47. Your right eye compared to subject’s left eye

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