A Changing Nation

A Changing Nation 1815-1840

Building a National Identity Section 1 James Monroe – 5th President

President James Monroe • Republican • Defeated Rufus King (Federalist) 183-34 • Federalist Party losing power • Wanted to promote national unity • Goodwill circuit of middle/northern states • Warmly greeting in Conn. and Mass. • Old arguments from War of 1812 fading • Local newspaper described sense of national unity – Era of Good Feeling • Ran for reelection in 1820 unopposed The Era of Good Feeling

Many Americans believed the federal government should work to increase the economic prosperity in all regions of US • Even the Republicans were in favor • Big change in belief • Most had favored states’ rights • Three new voices in Congress • Great Triumvirate • Immortal Trio Building the National Economy

Henry Clay • Congressman from Kentucky • Speaker of the House • Spoke for people in • the West • “Henry of the West” • Needed better roads and canals to transport goods

John C. Calhoun • Representative from South Carolina • Spoke for the interests of the South • First defender of national unity – later states’ rights • Opposed tariffs – raised the price of goods that Southerners bought

Daniel Webster • Lawyer in New Hampshire • Elected in 1827 – Senator from Mass. • “The Great Orator” • Spoke for the Northeast • Initially was against tariffs • But supported them • way of protecting Northeast industry

First Bank of the United States • Created by Congress – 1791 • Charter (gives rights to a person or company) ran out in 1811 • Economy suffered • states’ banks issued too much money • made too many loans • increase in spending, rising prices • Second Bank of the United States – 1816 • 20 year charter – privately owned • Lent money to individuals • Controlled the money supply • Boosted American business Second Bank of the United States

Foreign competition • Under Embargo Act • British goods kept out • American industry grew rapidly • Factories made textiles, smelted iron • After War of 1812 • British factories produced goods cheaper • Dumping – selling goods in another country below market prices • Caused dozens of New England businesses to fail, investments collapsed, owners turned to Congress for help Economy after War of 1812

Put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather goods, paper and other products • 1818, 1824 – higher tariffs • Popular in the North – protected factories • Resented in the South • Forced Southerners to pay more for goods • John C. Calhoun vocal foe • Felt northern manufacturers got rich at expense of the South Tariff of 1816

Proposed by Henry Clay • High tariffs and federal program of public works – would help all regions • Northern wealth buy southern and western products • Revenue for the federal government • Use revenues for infrastructure – roads, bridges • Never fully became policy • Madison/Monroe refused to support some projects • Southerners continued to oppose tariffs American System

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Attempt by Maryland to put a tax on the branch of the 2nd Bank of the United States • Bank refused to pay the tax • Chief Justice John Marshall • Ruled that states had no power to interfere with a federal institution • State cannot pass any law that violates a federal law • Strengthened power of federal government • Later -will be used to expand federal power Supreme Court Rulings

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • Defended by Daniel Webster - graduate • Court ruled that the charter of Dartmouth was a private contract • agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced by law • Constitution protects private contracts • Court is protecting private businesses • Promoting capitalism • Economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market Supreme Court Rulings

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Ruled that new York State could not give a steamboat company a monopoly to carry passengers on the Hudson River • Court ruled that travel on the Hudson included stops in New Jersey and New York • Interstate commerce – trade between two or more states • Ruled that under the Constitution only Congress can regulate interstate commerce • Strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states Supreme Court Rulings

Dealing With Other Nations Section 2

After the Louisiana Purchase • United States and Haiti are the only lands not controlled by European nations • Spain controlled most of Central and South America • Spain’s power had steadily weakened especially in Florida Relations with Spain

Spain could not stop runaway slaves from Georgia and Alabama • Many former slaves joined the Seminole Nation • Seminoles raided American settlements across the border • 1817 US sent Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves Florida

Went beyond his orders • Attacked and destroyed Seminole villages • Seized two Spanish towns • Forced the governor to flee Florida • Spain was too weak to protect Florida • Gave up Florida • Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 • Spain ceded Florida to the US Florida to the US

American and French revolutions inspired Latin America • Revolutionary movements grew Spanish Colonies Win Independence

1810 -Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an army of Native Americans - freed provinces • 1811 Hidalgo captured – ended revolt • 1820 – Revolution - Spain couldn’t stop • 1821 – Spain agreed to independence • First – ruled by emperor • 1823 – monarchy overthrown • 1823 – new constitution made Mexico a federal republic of 9 states/4 territories Mexico

Simon Bolivar – “Liberator” • 1819 - led march from Venezuela over the Andes to Columbia – defeated Spanish • Became president of the independent Republic of Great Colombia • Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Independence for South America

People declared independence in 1821 • Formed the United provinces of Central America • Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala Independence for Central America

1822 – Brazil announced its independence from Portugal • By 1825 most parts of Latin America were independent • Future of these new countries uncertain • France and Russia might help Spain regain its colonies Brazil and North America

Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were worried • British were worried and wanted to issue a joint statement • Adams advised Monroe to act alone • Monroe stated to Congress – the Monroe Doctrine • US would not allow European nations to create colonies or interfere with free nations • US would consider any attempt as dangerous to our peace Monroe Doctrine

Remained a British colony despite uprisings • Upper Canada – English • Lower Canada – French • Act of Union of 1841 • Merged two parts into a single unit of gov’t • Britain gave Canada powers of self-government • Disagreements over boundaries • Eventually developed excellent relations between Canada and United States Canada

The Age of Jackson Section 3

Candidates for President • John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) • Henry Clay (Kentucky, Speaker of the House) • William Crawford (Georgia) • Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) • Jackson received the most electoral votes but not the majority. • Choice between Adams, Jackson went to the House for vote • Clay used influence to get Adams elected • Adams was the last of the Federalists The Election of 1824

Son of John Adams • Had been an ambassador under Washington • Well respected Northerner • Senator from Massachusetts • Negotiated end of War of 1812 • Secretary of State under Monroe • Wrote the treaty to take Florida • Helped frame the Monroe Doctrine • After elected President -named Henry Clay as Secretary of State • Jackson accused them of a ‘corrupt bargain’ John Quincy Adams – 6th President

Miserable four years • Admired for his intelligence • Lonely, cold man with a sharp tongue • Wanted a national university, roads, canals, naval academy • Never got along with Congress – they refused to do what he asked • Jackson and followers criticized his administration • Lost the election of 1828 to Jackson Adams’s Presidency

States extended suffrage (right to vote) • States dropped property owner requirement • Most male adults could vote • No women, freed blacks or slaves • States changing way to elect electors • Voters picked electors in 18/24 states Democracy at Work

1824 Election • Brought back two party system • Republican party split • The most democratic groups became • Democratic Republican party – • Dropped the Republican • Known as Democratic Party • Adams ran as the National Republican • Jackson ran as the Democratic New Politics

1831 Election • Clay (National Republican) • Jackson (Democrats) • 1836 Election • Anti Jackson forces (Whigs) • Jackson (Democrats) • 1836-1852 – two major political parties • Whigs • Democrats Political Parties

Before 1831 • Party members of Congress held caucus • Meeting of members of political party • Small group chose candidate • Currently still done in Iowa primary • After 1831 • National nominating convention -large meetings of party delegates to choose candidates for office • Opened the nominating process to many more • More democratic How Political Parties Choose Their Candidates

Born in a log cabin on the border of the Carolinas • Orphan at 14, brave, ambitious, tough • Learned to read • Joined the Revolutionary Army at early age – good horseman • Studied law after the war • Elected general of Tennessee army to fight against the Creek Indians • Excellent general Andrew Jackson

Belief in ordinary people • Should vote and hold public office • 3 times more people voted in 1828 as 1824 • Supporters of Jackson • Did not trust government • Opposed special privileges for wealthy • Suspicious of banks • Growing sectional and class divisions • Jackson did best in west and south with small business, artisans and workers • Adams strength in New England Supporters of Andrew Jackson

Victory for the common man • Inauguration – March 1829 • 1000s of ordinary working people • Jackson rode a horse to the White House • 20,000 crowded into the White House • Misbehaved – broke furniture, glassware • Opponents were shocked Jackson Wins/Inauguration

Replaced government officials with his supporters (over two terms - 20%) • Jackson openly admitted it • One supporter claimed “to the victors belongs the spoils” • Spoils system – practice of rewarding government jovbs to loyal supporters of the party that wins an elections Spoils of Victory

Indian Removal Section 4

Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek • Farmers, lived in small towns • Mississippi, Alabama, N Georgia, W South Carolina, S Tennessee • Seminoles • Florida • Combination of Creeks, Runaway slave, natives of Florida Native Americans/Southeast

Adopted some white customs • Had own schools, some spoke English • Converted to Christianity • Ran businesses like lumber mills • Had a written alphabet for own language • Created by Sequoyah • 1827 -Established a government based on a written constitution • Claimed status as a separate nation • Started newspaper in English and native language Cherokees

White settlers wanted the fertile lands held by the Southeastern Indians • Whites wanted it for cotton plantations • Idea to move Indians west of Mississippi started under Jefferson • By moving he felt they would keep their heritage • Monroe signed treaties with Indian groups of the Northwest Territory to move west and give up their lands Conflict Over Land

Would not move • Monroe suggested a plan to move them west of Mississippi River • Nothing happened except Southerner complained • Georgia passed law forcing Creeks to give up land • Didn’t recognize the Cherokee Nation and passed a similar law against Cherokees Southeastern Indians

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) • Court refused to stop Georgia from enforcing the law to move Cherokees • Worcester V. Georgia (1832) • Court declared that Georgia laws ‘can have no force’ within Cherokee territory • Chief Justice Marshall wrote that treaties are supreme law of the land under the Constitution • Treaties signed by US guaranteed certain lands to Native Americans Georgia’s Actions - Lawsuits

Andrew Jackson wanted to remove the Natives • Pushed the law through that give him the authority to offer Native Americans land west of the Mississippi in exchange for their lands in the East. • Provided money to pay for the land • Believing they had no choice, the Native Americans signed the treaties to give up their lands. Indian Removal Act of 1830

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830) • Marched west to Oklahoma by American soldiers • Not provided with enough tents, food, blankets, winter clothes/shoes • Heavy rain/snow • Tremendous suffering Removal of the Chocktaws

Held out for a few years • 1838 President Martin Van Buren forced them to move • 7000 soldiers forced 15,000 Cherokees • Marched hundreds of miles • Little food/shelter in rain and snow • 4000 died in inhumane conditions • “Trail of Tears” • Rebuild their lives - difficult conditions Removal of Cherokees

States Rights and the Economy Section 5

2nd National Bank • Strong support from business • Safe place for Nation’s money • Stabilzed the currency • Restricted loans made by state banks • Limited money loaned to farmers to buy land • Southerners/Westerners affected the most The Bank War

Jackson distrusted Bank of the US • Felt it was controlled by rich • Nicolas Biddle – Bank’s president – wealthy Philadelphian • Known for favors for powerful politicians • Biddle got Congress to renew Bank’s charter – 4 years early • Jackson vetoed it • Election of 1832 big issue • Henry Clay favored the Bank • Jackson hated the bank – Jackson won Andrew Jackson versus Bank

Jackson’s victory over the Bank • Increased Presidential powers • Could face down powerful opponents in Congress • Bank’s charter ran out • Ceased to exist • No bank to handle economic crisis

A Changing Nation