1 / 94

Chapter 4

Chapter 4. FORMal Words. Chapter 4: Grammar Safari. Find a word you don’t know and can’t find in the dictionary. Identify its part of speech (form class) Tell us how you knew (form or function) . Safari Example . Example:

helene
Download Presentation

Chapter 4

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4 FORMal Words

  2. Chapter 4: Grammar Safari • Find a word you don’t know and can’t find in the dictionary. • Identify its part of speech (form class) • Tell us how you knew (form or function)

  3. Safari Example • Example: • “In The Peace War Vernor Vinge introduced the technology of bobbles, originally used to counter nuclear threat… • POS: • Noun • How I knew • Follows preposition = object of the preposition

  4. A Rose is a Rose…? • What’s the Part of Speech (formal class) of: • Bat • Slide • Plate • Home • Throw • Inning Prototypically… Stretching it a bit…

  5. What POS are “slides” & “swings” I. Anthony turns slides and swings II. Anthony turns, slides, and swings No Commas Commas • Nouns Nouns • Nouns Verbs • Verbs Nouns • Verbs Verbs Eats, Shoots, and Leaves…

  6. Form & Function (Revisited) • Parts of Speech = Form Classes • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • Form=Shape=Morphology≈Prototypically • Function = Behavior = Role in Sentence

  7. What POS are These Words? The androokersplurkedgribblyalong beside the broofledlumphet. • Noun • Verb • Adjective • Adverb How do you know?

  8. Nouns • Traditional Definition • Person, place, or thing • Linguistic Definition • Tangible item or intangible concept

  9. Know a Noun when you see it... • Formal Clues • Has noun-making (derivational) morpheme • Takes noun inflection morphemes • _____ or ____ • Functional Clues • Appears after articles OR prepositions(may have Adj. before) • Replaceable by a pronoun in a tag question • Fits in the Subject position (test frame sentence)

  10. Noun Test Frame Sentence (The) ________ seems all right. NOTE: You may need to change “all right” to “unacceptable”, “short”, or “slow” in some cases

  11. Missing Nouns • Fill in the missing nouns… • Identify the (2) nouns that were not deleted… • Why do you suppose the cartoonist left these in?

  12. Find a Noun… … in your G & C paper

  13. Slots filled by Nominals • Subject • My wife is Chinese • Direct Object • I saw my wife this morning • Indirect Object • I gave flowers to my wife on her birthday • Object of a preposition • Most anytime the phone rings, it’s for Yuan • Subject complement • My wife’s name is Yuan • Object Complement • I consider Yuan my best friend

  14. G&C Paper: Find Examples • Subject • Direct Object • Indirect Object • Object of a preposition • Subject Complement • Object Complement

  15. To Comma or Not to Comma… • Never put a comma between the: • subject and verb • direct object and object complement • indirect object and direct object • verb and subject complement • verb and direct object • except in direct quotes like: He said,“I’ll never forget you.”

  16. The little comma makes a big difference! I’ve finally decided to cheer up, everybody!  I’ve finally decided to cheer up everybody!  Eats, Shoots & Leaves (junior edition), Truss & Timmons, 2006

  17. I’ve finally decided to cheer up everybody! Without the comma “everybody” is: • Subject • Direct object • Indirect object • Object complement

  18. What’s a comma do? • Shows where to take a breath • Separates one idea from another • Separates equal grammatical elements • All of the above

  19. Any Questions…. …before we go on?

  20. Which is the most “prototypical” noun? • Potato • Refusing • Glamorous • Sheep

  21. Degrees of Nounness F D B A C E G • Examples? • Nouns that name people, places & things ________ • Nouns derived from adjectives ________ • Nouns derived from verbs ________ • Adjectives that are also nouns ________ • Verbs that are also nouns ________ • Verbs in noun positions ________ • Prepositions used as nouns ________

  22. Find a Non-Prototypical Noun… … in your G & C paper

  23. Prepositions as a Nouns

  24. Diagramming Nouns Aunt Blabby Your Nouns go on a flat line… Subjects @ front; Objects @ end

  25. Did You Get It? Which are Functional Nouns? “Rude Miami drivers have earned the title of worst road rage.” • drivers, title, rage • Miami, title, road • Miami, road, rage • earned, worst • How do you know?

  26. How do these sound? • We’re shopping for a new furniture • Our furnitures are getting shabby • My family’s healths are important to me • What’s the problem?

  27. Noun Features Common Countable Non-countable (homework) Singular(person) Plural(people)

  28. Words that: • Don’t fit in A-D ≠ Nouns • Fit only A & B = Non-count • Fit only B, C & D = Count Count vs. Non-count • Test Frame Sentences • He likes ______________. • The ________ is good • He wants a(n) _________. • __________ (e)s are good. Try these words, then some of your own: fun light desk home news chicken cash noise ask lamp amiss dessert

  29. Did You Get It? Which cannot be a “count” noun? • Pizza • Sheep • Institution • Happiness

  30. More Noun Features (FYI) Examples • Count & Non-count ________ • Common & Proper ________ • Animate & Inanimate ________ • Human & Nonhuman ________ • Male & female ________ • Why?? *The king put the crown on herself

  31. Find the Error 1. Find the Error 2. Explain it 3. Fix it • The baby’s mother is a king.

  32. Nominal Varieties • Appositives (extra information: use commas) • My wife, Yuan, loves to watch TV • Gerunds • Watching is boring for me • Infinitives • To watch is boring for me • Nominal Clauses • Why people watch so much TV is a mystery to me • Delayed Subjects • It is amazing what people will watch…

  33. Appositive Error • The third image was Ernst Haeckel's, a German biologist, drawings of embryos. • What’s the problem with the sentence above? • How would you fix it?

  34. Do We Have a Problem? • The boy showed his interest in American sports though he was unable to bring his baseball glove to the concentration camp, a sport that had not yet reached Japan. • Yes • No More to come…

  35. The Problem is with: The boy showed his interest in American sports though he was unable to bring his baseball glove to the concentration camp, a sport that had not yet reached Japan. • An appositive • An infinitive • A delayed subject • Subject–verb agreement

  36. Locate the Ambiguity… • The state of Florida has found and restored what it believes to be the • earliest film of Jim Morrison, shot in the early 60s when he attended • Florida State University, 34 years after his death. (AP Photo/Florida State • University via Florida State Archives)

  37. To Be Sophisticated... • To lookat the definitions, the levels of response, and the tone of an apology will help evaluate when it is necessary to use these phrases. • What’s the subject of this sentence? • Try a tag question • Try the Noun Test Frame Sentence • Does the subject agree with the verb?

  38. Why Do We Care? • Subject Verb Agreement • Comma Placement • Our writing reflects our intelligence(in the eyes of those who hold the $$)

  39. What’s the Error? • Punctuation in the form of exclamation marks are also evident. • Strategy: • Subjects must agree with their Verbs • Subjects are never inside prepositional phases

  40. Subject–Verb Agreement Find & Correct the Errors Which sentence is best? • Often a convention held in big public rooms feel very institutional. • Often, a convention held in big public rooms, feel very institutional. • Often a convention, held in big public rooms, feel very institutional. • Often a convention held in big public rooms feels very institutional.

  41. Find & Correct the Errors “Subject – Verb Agreement” OR “Punctuation Problem” • This building and its décor shows that the outside has been brought inside. • Decorative touches, such as the etched front window, signals a trend in newly constructed meeting facilities. • Previously, centers for public gathering, was four walls and a roof.

  42. Any Questions… …before we move on?

  43. Verbs • Traditional Definition • Action & ‘State of Being’ words • Linguistic Definition • Convey action or state of being AND • Carry grammatical information about • tense (pres, past, etc) • person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) • Other… (to be discussed in later chapters)

  44. Know a Verb when you see it... • Formal Clues • Has verb-making morpheme • Can take tense-related morphemes • Functional Clues • Can be made into a command • Can be made negative • Can fit a Verb Frame Sentence

  45. Verb Frame Sentences • They must ___________ (it). • They must ___________ good. (well)

  46. 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 How many verbs?

  47. Diagramming Verbs (you) Play ball Verbs go on a flat line after the subject…

  48. Functional Shift: Revisited • Noun, Verb, Both or Neither: Why? • Rock • Sob • Pluralize Exercise 4.6

  49. Why should we care? • Learning is as unique as the individual who is attempting to do so, and any “principles” for second language acquisition must be regarded as tentative suggestions, not absolute rules. • Is this acceptable? A = Yes B = No • Why or Why Not?

  50. Key errors to watch for: • Sentence Fragments • Comma splices • Run-on (fused) sentences

More Related