Health Psychology Class 3 Physiology, Part II

1. Health Psychology Class 3 Physiology, Part II

2. Power Point Slides http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/ ~kharber/healthpsychology

3. High Five the Body! What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! Hamlet Act 2 Scene 2, Wllm. Shakespeare

4. Respiratory System: Functions 1 Take in Oxygen 2 Expel CO2 3 Regulate relative composition of blood Medulla regulates resp. system, responsive to blood chemistry

5. Air ↓ Nose & Mouth ↓ pharynx & larynx ↓ trachea ↓ Primary bronchi ↓ Lungs ↓ secondary bronchi ↓ bronchioles ↓ alveolar ducts ↓ alveoli ↓ blood Respiratory System From Air to Blood

6. Respiratory Disorders Asphyxia: Too little Oxy, too much CO2 Anoxia: Insufficient Oxy. Hyperventilation: Too much Oxy Hay fever: foreign bodies (dust, pollen)  histamines  inflammation of lung capillaries  fluids (mucus)  sneezing. Asthma:triggers contraction of muscles around air tubes  clogging of air tubes  air intake. ALSO, inflammation  mucus production  obstructs bronchioles  less Oxy and too much CO2.

7. Respiratory Disorders, cont. Viral Infections: Common cold, influenza, bronchitis Bacterial infections: Strep, whooping cough, diphtheria Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Emphysema -- 4th deadliest disease alveoli become inelastic—can’t exhale Due mainly to smoking Incurable Chronic bronchitis Pneumonia Tuberculosis and Pleurisy

8. Failed Rx Compliance and the Generation of “Super Bugs” Poor compliance  production of hardier microbes  production more powerful drugs  poor compliance: Poor compliance  hardier microbes, etc. Health psych issues: a. Doctor/patient communication b. Obstacles to compliance

9. Digestive Tract Mouth (saliva  bolus) ↓ Esophagus (peristalsis) ↓ Stomach (pepsin, hydrochloric acid) ↓ Duodenum (carbs, proteins, fats) ↓ Jejunum ↓ Small intestine ↓ Large intestine ↓ Rectum ↓ Anus

10. Digestive Tract, Cont. Vagus Nerve: gastric juices, stomach Pancreas: enzymes to duodenum; insulin Liver: bile, stored in gall bladder Parasymp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism? Symp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism? X During stress, ___ Parasymp or ____ Symp is activated?

11. Disorders of the Digestive System Intestines: Stomach: Gall Bladder: Liver: Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery Peptic ulcer: Stress aggravates, doesn’t cause Gall stones Hepatitis Hep. A: Water/food borne Hep. B: Blood borne (needles, sex) Hep. C (blood transfusions) Hep. D, E

12. Gut Feelings in the Desert:Antoine De Saint Exupery and the Dragon Fly I shaved carefully in a cracked mirror. From time to time I went to the door and looked at the naked sand. … I was thoughtful. … For the moment everything was all right. But I heard something sizzling. It was a dragonfly knocking against the lamp. Why it was I cannot say, but I felt a twinge in my heart. I went outdoors and looked round. The air was pure. … Over the desert reigned a vast silence as of a house in order. But here were a green butterfly and two dragonflies knocking against my lamp. Again I felt a dull ache which might as easily have been joy as fear, but came up from the depths of me.

13. Saint Exupery in the Desert, continued Something was calling to me from a great distance. Was it instinct? Once again I went out. The wind had died down completely. The air was still cool. But I had received a warning. I guessed, I believed I could guess, what I was expecting. I climbed a dune and sat down face to the east. If I was right, the thing would not be long in coming. What were they after here, those dragonflies, hundreds of miles from their oases inland?

14. Saint Exupery in the Desert Wreckage thrown up upon the beach bears witness to a storm at sea. Even so did these insects declare to me that a sand storm was on the way, a storm out of the east that had blown them out of their oases. Solemnly, for it was fraught with danger, the east wind rose. … But that was not what excited. What filled me with a barbaric joy was …that I had been able to read the anger of the desert in the beating wings of a dragonfly. St. Exupery, A. (1939). Wind, sand, and stars.

15. Brain in Gut (aka Neurogastroenterology) • More neurons than spinal cord • Fibers non-mylinated—like in big brain • Bathed in same neurochemicals as big brain • Suffers damage to big-brain diseases • 5. Responsive to psychotropic drugs

16. Are “Gut Feelings” Real? • Big brain and gut brain communicate • Stressful event #1: Big brain stores threat in “emotion memory” • Stressful event #2: Limbic system responds, sends signal to gut. Gut may get signal before cortex. • 4. Result—gut feeling

17. Renal System Anatomy: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Function: Rid body of waste fluids Chemical balances in blood Nephrons: Filters in kidneys Disorders: Urinary tract infections Nephritis: kidneys inflamed Kidney failure: Deadly

18. Genetics, Health, and Psychology Many serious illnesses are hereditary: Cystic Fibrosis Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS) Down Syndrome Tay-Sach’s Disease Ethical Issues: Tell / Don’t tell person if they have gene. Psychological contribution: Genetic counseling * At-risk pregnancies * Dramatic precautions (e.g., preventive hysterectomy)

19. Transmission of Disease Direct transmission Indirect transmission Biological Mechanical

20. Course of Infection Incubation Non-specific Symptoms Acute Phase Infection Types Localized: Remain at site—don’t spread Focal: Contracted at site but spreads Systemic: Affects multiple areas at once

21. Immunity Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms. Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encounters Artificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations Non-specific immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2. Phagocytosis 3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.) 4. Inflammatory responses (histamines) Specific immunity 1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms 2. Acquired via previous infection 3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction

22. Immunologic Defense

23. Diseases of the Immune System AIDS: Retards T-cell production Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth. Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue. a. Triggered by bacterial infection b. Aggravated by stress c. Examples: MS, Lupus

24. Immunity Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms. Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encounters Artificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations Non-specific immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2. Phagocytosis 3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.) 4. Inflammatory responses (histamines) Specific immunity 1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms 2. Acquired via previous infection 3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction

25. Immunologic Defense Non-Specific Anatomical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes) Mechanical (coughing, sneezing) Phagocytosis Antimicrobial Inflamatory Response Specific Humoral: B Cells (memory, mature) -> antibodies (faster) Cell-Mediated: Macrophage -> TH --> Tc, B, NK->TH -> Stops reaction (slower) White blood cell (macrophage) attacking anthrax bacilli (in orange)

26. Diseases of the Immune System AIDS: Retards T-cell production Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth. Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue. a. Triggered by bacterial infection, mimics legit. substances b. Aggravated by stress c. Examples: MS, Lupus, arthritis