Imperialism

1. Roots of Western Imperialism Imperialism

2. Imperialism • One country takes control of another country • Government, trade, Culture • Types of Control • Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place. • Ex: Australia/settlement for Great Britain • Dependent Colonies: few European officials ruled non-European people. • Protectorates: Ruler kept title, but Europeans controlled area. • Spheres of Influence: area one nation had special interest.

3. Economic Motives: One word: INDUSTRIALIZATION • Control regions with the raw materials country needed • New markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Control) • Ex: Shirt and Ties in Africa • Cultural Motives for Imperialism • “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling: “half devil and half child.” Europeans were “helping” or “improving” them. • Missionaries: convert people to Christianity • Helped build schools to teach new culture • Medicine, Hygiene, and sanitation

4. North Africa • French: forced occupied Algiers (Ottoman Empire state) • Went after small state of Tunis (East of Algiers) • Tunis: Became a French protectorate. (Turkish Ruler, French government) • Morocco: appealing b/c of Strait of Gibraltar • Deal with Britain, Spain, and Italy (French take Morrocco) • Not get in way of Britain (Egypt) or Italy (Libya), or Spain (Sphere of Influence with North Morrocco) • British: Wanted Egypt • Suez Canal: through the Isthmus of Suez to connect to the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Egypt bough half stock • Egypt on verge of bankruptcy, so British buys and owns most of stock. (Sea route to India, Australia, and New Zealand). • Rebellion begins (British navy and troops were sent)

5. Fashoda Crisis: • Sudan: Egyptian colony that Britain and France wanted • Al Mahdi (expected one): led revolt against Egypt gaining control of major cities (Khartoum-Sudan capital) • British: invaded Sudan and defeated Mahdist army • French: Two years earlier, wanted to gain control of upper Nile (Jean-Baptiste Marchand). • French reached Fashoda • British arrive 2 months later (Both expected to go to war) • France yielded Sudan to Great Britain • Result: Great Britain and Egypt won joint control of area. • Great Britain: clearly the dominant partner (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan).

6. West Africa • Slave Trade (Most were abolished) turned to other trades: • Palm, Oil, Feathers, Ivory, Rubber • French: fought for control of Senegal for years. • SamoryToure: led revolt against France until captured • Claimed Senegal and area called French West Africa • Britain: went up against Ashanti • Took over Ashanti and Gold coast (Ghana) • France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal • Controlled most of West Africa • Liberia: independent state (United States helped)

7. Central and East Africa • Herny Stanley: wrote articles about his search of “Dr. Livingstone I presume” • King Lepold II of Belgium: personal colony of 900,000 in Central Africa. Only interest: Become wealthier • Sold business people rubber, slave labor • Turned over to Belgian government (Belgian Congo) • East Africa: famine helped colonize • Nations divided similar way of West Africa

8. South Africa: Competition • British seize Cape Colony: British possession • Boers: people that left colony that moved to the North and East in a mass migration. • Carved three states: Natal (SE), Orange Free State (W), and Transvaal (N). • Run into Zulu: fought for years over land (Britain helps Boers and Zulu are defeated) • Competition starts with diamonds found in Orange FS • Cecil Rhodes: British businessman who takes control of South African diamond production. • Expands production to the North Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Boer War: Boers in Transvaal kept British from opening mines. This led to war, and British defeated Boers • Allowed Boers to keep language in schools.

9. Effect of Imperialism on Africa • Europeans • Controlled all levels of government usually • Paternalism: belief that Africans could not govern themselves. • New farming, crops, medicine, roads and railroads • Sought out alliances (Europeans tried to take advantage) • Hoped for Assmiliation: give up own culture and adopt another.