Announcements Inside the mind of the Chimpanzee Jane Goodall and Richard Wrangham March 25, 2-5 pm Navy Pier Grand Ballr

1. Announcements Inside the mind of the Chimpanzee Jane Goodall and Richard Wrangham March 25, 2-5 pm Navy Pier Grand Ballroom http://www.lpzoo.org/Understanding_Chimpanzees/public_lecture.html

2. Territory: any defended area; area of more or less fixed boundaries from which rival conspecifics are excluded through Aggression (self-preservation, protection of the young, or resource competition)

3. Different estimators of home range Homerange: area which an individual, pair, or group occupies or regularly returns to Kernel (95 and 50%)

4. Different estimators of home range Core Area: area of heaviest use, may center on a resource Kernel (95 and 50%)

5. Territoriality: Defending an area from conspecifics. (territory - an area occupied and defended from competitors) Costs: time, energy, potentially harm Benefits: resources (shelter, nest sites, food), access to mates Alternate strategies: sneakers, satellites.

6. Implant with testosterone Yarrow’s spiny lizard Food supplementation offsets the Costs of increased activity.

7. Surgeon fish

8. Why do territorial holders usually win contests when their territory is challenged?

9. The “dear enemy effect” Neighbors may learn to recognize each other and reduce aggression as a response. - lower costs associated with maintaining territory - gang up on foreign intruders. Evidence in some birds and ants.

10. Dispersal: typically associated with a once in a lifetime event -- movement to a new habitat Orientation: the use of external cues to move about the environment (visual - landmarks) Navigation: moreinvolved - need to where you are in addition to a “compass sense” (a sense of the appropriate direction in which to move) Migration: distinct from dispersal - migratory animals typically move from one geographic region to another,without using the intervening habitat. movements often associated with a particular season, and tied to the reproductive cycle.

11. Cues used for migration: Celestial compass (sun and polarized light) Stars Geomagnetic field Visual (landmarks, shore lines) Smell?

13. Cochran et al. 2004 Science

14. Communication: • the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver • (behavior of one species influences the behavior of another) • Cooperative signaling • both signaler and receiver benefit from interaction • The function or adaptive value of signals: • Recognition-species ,individuals, neighbors , castes, kin • Reproduction- courtship, female choice or receptivity • Agonistic interactions- territoriality (song), predator/prey • Establishment of social status- behavioral hierarchies • Alarm calls- warn group members of predators • Coordination- among hunting animals • Parental care- begging, threat displays • Play

15. Communication: • the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver • (behavior of one species influences the behavior of another) • Deceitful signaling • signaler benefits, receiver does not

16. Communication: • the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver • (behavior of one species influences the behavior of another) • Incidental signaling (eavesdropping) • negative effects on (cost to) signaler but receiver benefits

17. Communication: • the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver • (behavior of one species influences the behavior of another) • Incidental signaling (eavesdropping) • negative effects on (cost to) signaler but receiver benefits crickets and phonotactic parasitoids Zuk et al. 1998 Evolution Increasing duration of chirps, # of chirps, duration of song

18. Communication: • the transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver • (behavior of one species influences the behavior of another) • Spiteful signaling • both signaler and receiver incur costs • (likely rare outside of humans) For all signals… Because the fitness of both signalers and receivers are affected, evolution of communication is a co-evolutionary process

19. Modes of communication: Visual-color, displays, size

20. Modes of communication: Auditory- song, calls, sonar

21. Modes of communication: Chemical- olfaction, pheromones, hydrocarbons (tactile)

22. Modes of communication: Vibrational- substrate, other individuals, webs

23. Modes of communication: Electrical- neural, “electric fish”

24. Modes of communication: Visual-color, displays, size Auditory- song, calls Chemical- pheromones, hydrocarbons, odors Vibrational- substrate, other individuals, webs Electrical- neural, “electric fish” One feature common to most modes of communication is signals travel in wave form (light, sound, olfactory cues on wind).

25. Modes of communication: Visual-color, displays, size Auditory- song, calls Chemical- pheromones, hydrocarbons, odors Vibrational- substrate, other individuals, webs Electrical- neural, “electric fish” Limited by: Ability to create and perceive degree or type of signal How signals travel in different media (physics) (physiological and environmental constraints)

26. Why sing a particular song? Adaptationist hypothesis: The ecological environment requires it

27. environment (filter / modifier) receiver signaler 420 curve = short wavelength cones 498 curve = rods 534 and 564 curves = middle and long wavelength cones

28. How to get around problems with signal transmittance… Brittle star - Echinodermata Comb Jelly - Ctenophora Jellyfish – Cnidaria Squid - Mollusca Shrimp - Arthropoda Fish - Chordata

29. Sensory Exploitation Sensory bias of pre-existing perceptual mechanism Current signal (context A) exploits a sensory system that evolved in a different context (for example foraging). One hypothesis for the evolution of ornamentation in males (more on that later). Evidence - preference may precede evolution of a signal!

32. Nancy Burley - found that zebra finches prefer males with red leg bands.

34. Kim Hughes and colleagues found that coloration in guppies in Trinidad may have evolved through exploitation of sensory bias for colors associated with preferred food. Color patterns also influenced by the presence/absence of visually oriented predators.

35. “Honest signaling” • accurately conveys information • frequency of a call constrained by body size • length of display correlated with health, stamina Handicap Principle (Zahavi) signals are expensive to produce, can be costly, are therefore accurately convey information about quality

36. Geoffrey Hill and colleagues showed that house finch color determined by carotenoids gotten from diet. Better foragers = brighter red.

37. For many (most?) types of communication, multiple modalities are involved. reduce errors, increase honesty (information) of signal ? Visual and olfactory (chemical) cues Visual and auditory cues Often, one modality overrides the other. Other times all are necessary.

38. BBC Unweaving the song of whales 28 February, 2005 Molly Bentley Using old US Navy hydrophones once employed to track submarines, Cornell University researcher Christopher Clarkhas collected thousands of acoustical tracks of singing blue, fin, humpback and minke whales. His bioacoustics lab is now able to pinpoint the location of individual singers, and determine the length of their song. As a result, he's had to redraw the map of whale acoustics. Dr Clark has determined that whales' songs travel over thousands of kilometres and also that increasing noise pollution in the oceans impedes the animals' ability to communicate.

39. CNN 103 whales found dead on beach November 24, 2003 HOBART, Australia -- More than 100 pilot whales have been found dead on a remote beach on the west coast of Tasmania in Australia. Pilot whales are particularly prone to mass strandings. Scientists have not established a reason for the strandings but some have suggested pilot whales live in large herds and because of this may simply follow, or get caught trying to help, one or two herd members.

40. CNN Military sonar may give whales the bends October 8, 2003 Dozens of whales, dolphins and porpoises have washed up dead on shores around the world after exposure to military sonar. Researchers writing in the journal Nature say they may have found a link.