Prelude to American Revolution: Discontent in the Colonies 1754–1775

1. Discontent in the Colonies 1754–1775 After decades of loose control, England begins to make demands on its American colonies. Resistance starts slowly, but soon erupts into war. Colonists in Boston riot to protest the Stamp Act. Hand-colored woodcut. NEXT

2. Discontent in the Colonies 1754–1775 The French and Indian War SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Britain Tightens Control Colonial Resistance Grows SECTION 3 NEXT

3. Section 1 The French and Indian War Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War forces France and Spain to give up their land claims east of the Appalachian Mountains. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 The French and Indian War War Breaks Out France, Britain, and Colonial America • English colonists settle eastern coast, France claims interior • England, France each have Native American allies - English: alliance with Creek, Cherokee, Iroquois - French: alliance with Huron, Algonquin • Europeans and natives get involved in each other’s wars • In 1700s, two French-English wars had spread to colonies Continued . . . NEXT

5. SECTION 1 continued War Breaks Out French and Indian War • Beginning in 1754 British, French fight small battles over territory • CalledFrench and Indian Warby British - part of larger French-English “Seven Years’ War” (1756–1763) - Native American allies fight for French • Spain sides with France in 1761, but Britain wins in 1763 • War mostly fought in North; Georgia calm, prosperous, during war Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 continued War Breaks Out The War Ends • Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years’ War, French and Indian War • Britain claims all land east of Mississippi River • France gives Spain land west of Mississippi, New Orleans • England trades Cuba, Philippines to Spain for Florida • Treaty ends French power in North America NEXT

7. SECTION 1 The Proclamation of 1763 War Victory Brings Problems • Great Britain faces large war debt; feels colonies should help pay • Colonists settle new land; natives attack, settlers fight back • New territory hard and expensive for England to defend • Proclamation of 1763 bans settlements west of Appalachians • Colonists believe they have right to settle west; ignore ban • English cannot enforce Proclamation or taxes on colonists Map NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Georgia Changes Shape British Control Protects Georgia • Georgia is youngest, smallest colony, founded by nonprofit group • War victory removes threat of Spanish, French raids • Mississippi, St. Mary’s rivers form Georgia’s borders to west, south Georgia Grows and Prospers • Treaty of Augusta with Creek in 1763 triples Georgia’s size • Other treaties add 2 million acres; population nearly 50,000 by 1766 • Georgians generally optimistic; other colonies unhappy with Britain Map NEXT

9. Section 2 Britain Tightens Control Americans see British efforts to tax them and to increase control over the colonies as violations of their rights. NEXT

10. SECTION 2 Britain Tightens Control Trade, Taxes, and Troops The Trade and Navigation Acts • Facing war debt, Britain tries to raise money within colonies • Acts of Trade allow sale of certain colonial goods only to British: - indigo, tobacco, sugar, cotton • Trade must go through British ports; taxes, port charges raise costs • Colonists angry, ignore laws; feel punished by Britain • Customs agents search warehouses, homes for illegal goods Continued . . . NEXT

11. SECTION 2 continued Trade, Taxes, and Troops The Sugar Act • British want colonies to buy only British sugar from West Indies • Sugar Act, 1764—foreign molasses tax reduced but strictly enforced - harder for colonists to smuggle molasses, avoid taxes • Most resistance in New England; Parliament reduces tax in 1766 The Quartering Act • Britain sends troops to enforce laws, keep peace with Native allies • 1765 Quartering Act forces colonies to house, feed, equip soldiers NEXT

12. SECTION 2 The Stamp Act Wider Tax Causes Further Protests • Sugar Act affected merchants; 1765 Stamp Act affects almost everyone - all legal, commercial documents must carry stamp showing tax paid • Colonists object to taxes without having representation in Parliament - “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” they shout - Stamp Act Congress, 1765, nine colonies send delegates to New York - declare Stamp Act illegal, ask King George to repeal Image Continued . . . NEXT

13. SECTION 2 continued The Stamp Act The Stamp Act in Georgia • Governor Wright supports Parliament • Doesn’t convene Assembly; no delegates sent to Stamp Act Congress • Georgia only colony to buy stamps; most wait, hope Act is repealed • Fearing threats to destroy stamps; Wright moves them to Fort George Britain Repeals the Stamp Act • Parliament fears revolt, repeals Stamp Act in 1766 • Declatory Act passes, asserting complete control over colonies NEXT

14. SECTION 2 The Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts • Charles Townshend becomes finance minister if Britain in 1767 • His Townshend Acts tax imported goods such as tea, paper, paint - expects no protest since tax is collected at port before final sale • Sons of Liberty pressure merchants to not sell imported items • Daughters of Liberty rally colonists to use and weave own cloth • Colonists boycott British goods, Georgia imports from other partners NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Georgia Prepares for Independence Georgians Consider Options • Concerned Georgians think of ways to become more independent • Encourage colonists to make goods themselves, reduce imports • Suggest pledge to decrease dependence boycott merchants who don’t sign pledge • Actions do not force Britain to decrease taxes; conflict escalates NEXT

16. Section 3 Colonial Resistance Grows Many colonists organize to oppose British policies. The tensions between Britain and the colonies lead to armed conflict. NEXT

17. SECTION 3 Colonial Resistance Grows Shots in Boston The “Boston Massacre” • British soldiers in Boston often harassed by citizens, called “redcoats” • March 5, 1770—crowd and soldiers argue, 50 surround one soldier - soldiers come to his aid, fire into crowd, five colonists killed - Sons of Liberty call event “Boston Massacre;” widely publicized • British try soldiers for murder, remove troops from Boston NEXT

18. SECTION 3 Problems Within Georgia Youngest Colony Remains Dependent • Governor Wright loyal to England; Commons House grows anti-British • Wright vetoes nomination of one speaker who opposes British actions • Acts outrage many Georgians, but colony heavily dependent on England • Wright believes in British laws; changing policy through negotiation • Governor silences house opposition by ending sessions early NEXT

19. SECTION 3 The Tea Act and Tea Parties Committees of Correspondence • Parliament repeals tax acts; keeps tea tax in place to show power • Boston’s Samuel Adams encourages peaceful boycotts, not violence - suggests committees of correspondence spread news in colonies Aiding the British East India Company • Colonists drink smuggled Dutch tea to protest Townshend Act • British East India Tea Company almost bankrupt as result • 1773 Tea Act gives British company control of American tea trade Continued . . . NEXT

20. SECTION 3 continued The Tea Act and Tea Parties Angry Colonists React • Sons of Liberty boycott tea; others block ships in New York, Philadelphia • Sons of Liberty organize Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773 - men disguised as Mohawk Indians dump 342 tea chests into harbor • Charleston—tea unloaded, left on docks; later sold to fund Revolution • No tea shipped to Savannah; no protests in Georgia • Parliament wants to punish Massachusetts, warn other colonies Image NEXT

21. SECTION 3 The Intolerable Acts Parliament Punishes Massachusetts • Coercive Acts pass in 1774; named Intolerable Actsby colonists - closes Boston Harbor until tea paid for - committees of correspondence banned, town meetings limited - colonists required to feed, house troops in their homes • Gen. Thomas Gage new Massachusetts governor; enforces Quartering Act • Committees spread word, call for meeting of colonial representatives NEXT

22. SECTION 3 The First Continental Congress Declaration of Resolves • First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, September 1774 • All colonies but Georgia, Florida send delegates • Continental Congress passes Declaration of Resolves - boycott all British trade until Intolerable Acts repealed - urge Massachusetts to form a government to collect, hold taxes • advise civilians in all colonies to arm, form militias Continued . . . NEXT

23. SECTION 3 continued The First Continental Congress Between Peace and War • Most delegates not ready to declare independence from Britain • Congress adjourns October 22, will meet in May if acts still in place • January 1775—petitions, Declaration of Resolves reach Parliament • Parliament sends tougher bill—allows trade only with England • Both sides are now past compromise NEXT

24. SECTION 3 Georgians Consider the Intolerable Acts The Committee of Thirty • Small group meets at Savannah tavern, summer 1774 to discuss issues - need British troops to protect against Native American attacks - need British imports to trade with Creek, Cherokee • Committee of Thirty officially objects to Intolerable Acts • Rejects sending delegates to First Continental Congress - Georgians divided on supporting Continental Congress NEXT

25. SECTION 3 Georgia Support for the First Continental Congress Support Begins Locally • Support grows in parishes; most Darien Scots strong supporters • Provincial congress held during 1775 Georgia Assembly • Wright begs members to consider consequences if England is angered • Despite Wright’s pleas, Assembly discusses colonial rights • Provincial congress selects delegates to Continental Congress • Wright adjourns Assembly before it can approve delegates NEXT

26. SECTION 3 The Midnight Ride Warning Lexington and Concord • General Gage learns Massachusetts militia has arms in Concord • John Hancock, Samuel Adams in nearby Lexington • Gage sends 700 troops to arrest Hancock, Adams; destroy weapons • Paul Revere’s lantern signals alert colonists on troop movements • Revere, William Dawes ride to Lexington to warn citizens • Both stopped in Lexington; William Prescott carries news to Concord NEXT

27. SECTION 3 Lexington and Concord First Battles of American Revolution • British reach Lexington at dawn, April 19, find militia waiting • Militia refuses order to drop muskets, 8 killed in fighting • British march to Concord, burn courthouse, destroy weapons • Fighting at North Bridge drives British back, reinforcements arrive • Battles at Lexington and Concord are first of American Revolution Map Continued . . . NEXT

28. SECTION 3 continued Lexington and Concord “The Shot Heard Round the World” • Battle at Concord changes life in colonies • Colonists must decide if they are Loyalists or Patriots - Loyalists—remain loyal to Britain, also called Tories - Patriots—rebel against Britain, also called Whigs NEXT

29. SECTION 3 Loyalists and Patriots in Georgia Mixed Feelings on Independence • Georgians are divided over loyalty to Britain - colony doing well with British assistance - hate British taxes, want more colonial representation • Loyalists: Germans at Ebenezer, older Georgians, recent immigrants • Patriots: St. John’s Parish, Scots in Darien, Jews in Savannah • Conflict divides communities, families, friends NEXT

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