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Chapter 35. America in World War II, 1941–1945. I. The Allies Trade Space for Time. Time was most needed America needed time to retool itself for war U.S. to send food and munitions to its allies. II. The Shock of War. National unity was strong after Pearl Harbor Executive Order No. 9066
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Chapter 35 America in World War II, 1941–1945
I. The Allies Trade Space for Time • Time was most needed • America needed time to retool itself for war • U.S. to send food and munitions to its allies II. The Shock of War • National unity was strong after Pearl Harbor • Executive Order No. 9066 • Japanese internment (Korematsu v. U.S., 1944) • War changed American’s mood • The era of the New Deal was over • U.S. government now put emphasis on action.
III. Building the War Machine • American economy snapped to attention • War Production Board (WPB) • Organized nation’s industrial /agricultural output • The Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Rationing, limit inflation / shortages • The National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Imposed ceilings on wage increases • Labor conditions • Labor union membership increased • The Smith-Connally Anti-StrikeAct (June, 1943) • Feds could limit strikes
IV. Manpower and Womanpower • The armed service enlistments • 15 million men, 216,000 women (noncombat) • The Bracero program • Imported Mexican agricultural workers • 6 million women took jobs outside their homes • Government set up 3,000 day-care centers • The war foreshadowed an eventual revolution • Women’s role in American society / business
V. Wartime Migrations • Demographic changes • 15 million men and women moved permanently • Urban areas grew, California’s population increased • Blacks moved north & west (The Great Migration) • Exodus of Native Americans from reservations • Work in factories, joined military • Served as “code talkers” • Races rubbing together created racial friction
VI. Holding the Home Front • Americans on the home front suffered little • More jons, higher wages • Corporate profits doubled in one year • The hand of the government touched lives more • Draft, rationing, direct industry/agriculture • Signaled era of big-government interventionism • The conflict was phenomenally expensive • The income tax expanded, rate rose as high as 90% • The national debt skyrocketed
VII. The Rising Sun in the Pacific • Early success of the efficient Japanese militarists • Goal to win quickly (or they’d lose slowly) • Japan controlled eastern & then SE Asia • Japan expanded into the Pacific Ocean • The Philippines • Japanese Victory (Manila, Corregidor) • Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps
VIII. Japan’s High Tide at Midway • Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) • Carrier-based battle, draw, stop Australian invasion • Epochal Battle of Midway, (June, 1942) • Pivotal battle & U.S. Victory • Showed Japanese imperialists were overextended
IX. American frogging Toward Tokyo • America seized the initiative in the Pacific • Island hopping strategy • Bypassing heavily fortified Japanese islands • Capturing nearby islands • Bombing of Japan (Nov., 1944)
X. The Allied Halting of Hitler • Allies win Battle of Atlantic (1942) • Turning points against Hitler (1942-1943) • German cities bombed by U.S. & G.B. • Allied victory in North Africa • Soviets stop Germans in Stalingrad • Decisive battle in the east
XI. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome • Allies attack "soft underbelly” of Europe (Italy) • Casablanca Conference (FDR & Churchill Jan ‘43) • Step up the Pacific war • Invade Sicily • Insist on “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
XII. D-Day: June 6, 1944 • Soviets wanted a “second front” against Germany • 20 million had died fighting against Nazi Germany • D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy, France) • Allied invasion of Nazi control Europe • Largest military operation ever • Paris liberated (August, 1944) • Huge gains by U.S. tanks (Patton) • Aachen, Germany captured (October 1944)
XIII. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 • The presidential campaign of 1944 • Republicans: Thomas E. • Democrats: FDR (the “indispensable man”) XIV. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey • Results of the election: • Roosevelt won a sweeping victory • FDR victory 432 to 99 in the Electoral College • FDR popular vote 25,606,585 to 22,014,745 • Deciding factors • Successful war & future foreign policy issues
XV. The Last Days of Hitler • Battle of The Bulge • Dec, 1944 (Ardennes Forest), Allied victory • Elbe River(April 1945) U.S./Soviets clasped hands • Holocaust publically revealed • U.S. government had long been informed • FDR dies, April 12, 1945 • Vice President Truman took the helm • Adolf Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • May 7, 1945, Germany surrenders unconditionally • May 8 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
XVI. Japan Dies Hard • Subs “The silent service” • Destroyed 50% of Japan’s merchant fleet • Giant bomber attacks were more spectacular • U.S. (General MacArthur) Pacific victories • Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944) • Iwo Jima (March 1945) • Okinawa (June 1945) • Japanese suicide pilots (“kamikazes”)
XVII. The Atomic Bombs • The Potsdam Conference (Truman, Stalin, Churchill) • Japan told surrender or die, USSR would invade • The Manhattan Project developed the A-Bomb • Tested July, 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico • On August 6, 1945, U.S. bombed Hiroshima, Japan • On August 8, Stalin entered the war against Japan • On August 9 American aviators bomb Nagasaki • On August 10, 1945 Tokyo sued for peace • V-J (Victory in Japan) Day • Official surrender Sept.2, 1945
XVIII. The Allies Triumphant • U.S. ~400,000 killed (USSR ~25 mil) • Total war – more civilians killed than soldiers • Keys to U.S. success • More men, weapons, machines, technology, money • American leadership (politically & militarily) • Collaboration with other nations (mostly G.B.) • Industrial production (Gov’t, owners & workers) • Commitment to democracy • U.S. Now the world’s leader (mil & econ)
