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From Yom Kippur 1973-1979

From Yom Kippur 1973-1979. The Road to Peace between Egypt and Israel. Palestinians after 1967. After 1967 increase in Palestinian liberation organizations Palestinian issue now seen as separate from larger Arab-Israeli issue Jordan the only one to give P’s citizenship

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From Yom Kippur 1973-1979

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  1. From Yom Kippur 1973-1979 The Road to Peace between Egypt and Israel

  2. Palestinians after 1967 • After 1967 increase in Palestinian liberation organizations • Palestinian issue now seen as separate from larger Arab-Israeli issue • Jordan the only one to give P’s citizenship • Lebanon fears muslim majority, Syria sees it as a backdoor recognition of Israel – so no citizenship

  3. Rise of the PLO • No longer associated w/ gov’t • Guerrilla-style tactics • Committed to armed struggle • Umbrella for many Pal. liberation organizations

  4. New PLO Covenant • Negates right of Israel • Includes armed struggle • Fedayeen are center of armed struggle (new) • This leads Israel to reject negotiations w/ PLO • Al-Fatah is largest among the groups • Yasser Arafat becomes leader 1969 – makes decisions w/ his advisers

  5. Al Fatah becomes powerful part of PLO… • Avoids any association w/ one country • Vague ideology allows it to attract wide variety of followers • Although not as extreme, hijacking etc. by extreme groups served their interests – increased UN resolutions in favor of Palestine • Accepted aid from USSR b/c all groups were anti-West

  6. PLO & Arabs • Egypt doesn’t allow PLO to work in or from Eg. • Syria & Iraq allowed & sponsored some PLO uanites • Lebanon – VERY unstable; PLO very active – leads to increased conflict btwn Is & Leb • Jordan – made it impossible to have negotiated settlement that didn’t include PLO

  7. PLO like a state w/in Jordan King Hussein can’t control Sept. 1970 – planes explode in Aman – King looks powerless Jordanian army vs. Fedayeen tanks & Syrian tanks IMPACTS OF THIS Brings Jordanian & Israeli interests together (hmm) Black September created - carried out famous Olympic attacks Development of clear Palestinian nationalism & call for state PLO seen as sole rep of Palestinian people Jordan – a special case

  8. Meanwhile, Old Issues Continue • Escalation of Egyptian-Israeli conflict over Sinai • Bar-Lev line (fortifications) along Suez area • Spring 1969 Nasser declares cease fire “null and void”

  9. The War of Attrition 68-70 • USSR gives some armaments to Egypt – not the planes they wanted • SAM’s w/ USSR men to use them • USSR flies patrols • USSR builds up naval fleet in med • COLD WAR TIES…

  10. Nasser Dies – Anwar Sadat enters (70) Pragmatic Feels shame of Sinai oil fields in Israeli hands & military defeat Faces internal unrest Egypt first; Arabs 2nd Golda Meir (69) Israel Feels militarily confident Willing to wait for peace on Isreali terms Creeping annexation of settlements New Leadership –

  11. Rogers Plan Israel out of occupied territory for recognition of Israel 90-day cease-fire Renew Jarring mission (UN Res 242) Both cautiously accept Aug 70 Cease-fire Jarring mission fails Cold War Powers negotiate

  12. Israel withdraw partially from Sinai Egypt re-opens Suez canal Cease fire Restore diplomatic relations w/ US Use Res 242 as basis for peace Israel Rejects Egypt’s Proposal 1971

  13. Egypt Prepares for War • Although Sadat frustrated with USSR’s stingy arms offerings, as US increases arms to Israel, USSR finally sends SCUD missiles to Egypt & Syria • New Egyptian military plan • President Assad willing to be northern front • Israel not at the ready – didn’t believe Egypt would attack

  14. The Yom Kippur War – 4th Arab-Israeli War • October 6 – The Yom Kippur War/ Ramadan War started • Egypt & Syria attack Israel • Oct 6-24 US eventually sends military aid • Cold War support for opposite sides….US wait to give support in hopes of cease-fire • US military support seen as key to Israeli military win • Resolution 338 Ends war Mount Hermon – captured by Israelis/ foothills in Golan Heights, summit is border of Leb/Syria

  15. Important Features of 1973 War - Israel • Not the sure win for Israel • Showed weakness of defense line; not as indefensible as they thought – although they keep Sinai desert • Shift away from automatic Israeli superiority • Israeli gov’t suffers politically (Meir & Dayan) • hard-liners don’t want discussion of exhange of Sinai for recognition • Increase in West Bank civilian settlements due to political pressure on Meir

  16. Important Features - Arabs • Psychological victory • Can unite • Can keep a plan secret • Have a future that is powerful against Israel • Oil is used as a weapon

  17. Oil Embargo • OPEC stops selling oil to US some others • Pushes EEC to promote land for Palestinians and Israeli return of land from 67 • Both politically and economically effective tool

  18. Important Features – Cold War • US gains – USSR loses • UN Resolution 338 negotiated by Kissinger & Breshnev in Moscow; • UN in Golan Heights • Calls for Direct negotiation (Arabs didn’t want this) preserving Res 242 • Beginning of US role in securing peace between Egypt and Israel • Russia loses bases in Egypt

  19. Shuttle Diplomacy • Kissinger will broker peace between Egypt and Israel • 1975 Sinai Interim Agreement • 1974 agreements on Golan Heights • (more on that later)

  20. Important Features – Palestinians • After war PLO recognized as the spokesperson for Palestinians – not King Hussein of Jordan • Gain recognition from Jordan that West Bank & parts of Israel are rightfully Palestinians (now tell the Israelis) • This is harder for Israel and the West – they’d rather negotiate w/ Jordan

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