Western Expansion

1. Western Expansion Manifest Destiny Impact on Sectional Tensions

2. Essential Questions: • What is Manifest Destiny? How are areas added to the US? • What is the impact of the addition of these territories on sectionalism and on the political parties?

3. Manifest Destiny • Young America Movement –”City on a Hill” • Both idealistic and imperialistic • Political ideals – democracy, white man’s suffrage, freedom • Economic ideals – white man’s opportunity, free enterprise, laissez faire capitalism • Social ideals – egalitarianism, social mobility, Anglo Saxon racism

4. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

5. Gast – American Progress

6. Diplomacy Patterns Continue • Bully • Adams Onis • Compromise • Rush Bagot • Commission of 1818 • 1824 Treaty w/ Russia

7. Webster-Ashburton Treaty Aroostok War 1839 • Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials. • State declared war • Congress called up 50,000 men • Scott arranged compromise • Land in Maine exchanged for that in Minnesota

8. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842

9. Connections: Key Trails West

10. Key Trails • Santa Fe – trade w/ Mexico • Overland – Oregon and California • Oregon – Americans • Trail experiences • Roles • Environment • Isolation • tribes

11. Texas Revolution • Austin and Americans – 1820s migration to N. Mexico • No slavery, RC – no enforcement • Home Rule 1830s – changes • Enforcement; limited immigration • Santa Anna – dictator • 1836 Revolution • Alamo ---Goliad ----San Jacinto • Annexation blocked – sectionalism, Mexico

12. The War

13. Election of 1844 • Polk – expansionist position • Re-annexation (Texas) • Re-occupation (Oregon) Deep water ports – Asian trade • 1845 – Tyler accomplished annexation through a joint resolution • Almost two front war

14. Overland Immigration to the West • Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

15. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

16. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! • By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

17. Oregon Treaty 1846 • “54 40 or Fight” • Compromise • 49th parallel – border • Puget Sound to US • Vancouver Island to BR • Columbia River – joint navigation for a time

18. Mexican American War 1846 • Issue: conflict over disputed territory; California – deep water ports • Polk sought war – lucky incident • Whig opposition • Spot Resolution – Lincoln • Civil disobedience - Thoreau • War – easily accomplished objective –difficult to achieve peace

19. The Mexican War (1846-1848)

20. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

21. The Mexican Cession

22. Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago • Mexican Cession to US • $15 million to Mexico; assume $3 million in debt • Rio Grande = border • US citizenship for residents of the territory Gadsden Purchase - 1853

23. Wilmot Proviso • Heightened sectionalism • Proposed no slavery in territory acquired from Mexico and no free blacks in the territory • Protect white man’s opportunity

24. Calhoun and Emerson • “Mexico is to us the forbidden fruit, the penalty of eating it would be political death.” John C. Calhoun • “Mexico to us is poison…” Ralph Waldo Emerson

25. Significance of the War • Large amount of new territory • Ports and natural resources gained • War experience --- Civil War impact • Racism and tension between Mexico and the US • War heroes • Increase in sectional tensions – access to land critical for N & S • Manifest destiny tied to extension of slavery destabilized the political system

26. New Meaning of Race • “Anglo-Saxon Race” – superiority of white American culture • Race tied to religion, class, ethnicity/culture, color and birth place • Impact – loss for Hispanic citizens, no rights for Asians, Indian culture and land taken (CA) some ocal variation EX . TX/NM – “Spanish”/”Mexican” • Land, legal rights, opportunity limited (Foreign Miners Tax)

27. Additional Treaties • Tr. Of Wangshia 1844 • Four ports opened; extraterritoriality • Tr. Of Tientsin 1858 • 11 ports; trade and travel in China • Tr. Of Kanagawa 1854 • Consulate, visits, fair treatment of castaways ---- Harris Convention1858 – five ports opened

28. Clayton Bulwer Treaty • Neutral canal, build together • Renounced control Central America • Walker and Nicaragua

29. American Expansionism 1850s

30. Territorial Growth to 1853

31. Westward the Course of Empire Leutze, 1860

32. Election of 1848 • Foreshadowed problems – inability of the 2APPS to deal with sectionalism • Free Soil Party – only clear position no slavery in the territories – Van Buren • Democrats – popular sovereignty – Cass • Whigs – no clear position - Taylor

33. Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! • “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats. • Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. • Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

34. The 1848 Presidential Election Results

35. Compromise of 1850 • Clay & Webster – compromise for unity • Calhoun – S must have legal access to the territories to preserve the union – two presidents – N & S – veto power • 7 month debate – deadlocked Omnibus Bill

36. Passage • Douglas broke into parts • Passed – but w/o commitment to the overall bill • Taylor threatened a veto ---died • Nashville Convention –rejected secession but conditional unionism; Georgia Platform – based on enforcement of Fugitive SlaveLaw

37. The Compromise • Stricter Fugitive Slave Law – most controversial aspect (Ableman v Booth) –S now wants federal power to enforce – contradiction to states rights ideas • No slave trade in Washington DC • California entered as free state • Utah and NM territories – popular sovereignty • TX debt assumed in return for land to New Mexico Territory

38. The Compromise Map

39. Western Societies • Farming – shaped region – imitative of eastern culture, more open opportunity • 1849 – Gold Rush – Mining frontier • Boom towns, rapid growth • Real benefits to developers • Multiculturalism - Chinese

40. Tensions • Religion – Mormons and Deseret • Hispanic Rancheros – loss of land • Chinese and Mexicans struggle for opportunity • Native Peoples – Sioux moving frontier

41. New West Historians • Continuity – parallels the process from earlier periods • Convergence - multicultural, multiracial, multidirectional, intersecting • Conquest – seizure of land and resources – competition - colonial • Complexity – many layers of understanding and interpretation – various points of view

42. Internal Expansion: Northern Society • Material growth and development • Telegraph • Railroads • Improvements in manufacturing and agricultural • Increase in volume and range of internal trade • Mass immigration

43. Railroads • 30,000 m by 1860 • New financing • Loans state and local • Land grants - federal

44. Immigration - Opportunity • 1820- 1840 700,000 • 1840 -1860 4.2 million;3 million arrived 1845-1855 • Greatest influx in proportion to population • 1.5 million Irish; 1 million + German • 66,000 Chinese

46. Impact on cities • Overcrowding, poverty, disease, crime • Segregated by social class • Ethnic neighborhood and self help groups (Five Points ) • Political parties and civic celebrations unify “cauldrons of democracy”

49. New Working Class – Wage Labor (wage slavery) • Immigrants replaced young unmarried native born women (most still women)– 61.7% • Decreased paternalism; impersonal; worker as machine or part - response • Tardiness; drunkenness, absence, loafing • Increase in labor militancy – race and ethnicity divided