The Spanish-American War Roosevelt and Progressive Politics Taft & Woodrow Wilson

1. Trouble at Home and Abroad • The Spanish-American War • Roosevelt and Progressive Politics • Taft & Woodrow Wilson • The Mommy problem • Growth of cities • Appeal of city life • The squalid side of urban life • Agrarian Revolt

2. Trouble at Home and Abroad • During this unit of American History we will successfully complete the following: • Complete several short-answer response summaries • Complete one Regents-styled DBQ • Complete one Regents-styled unit exam • And as always, we will be prepared for the occasional unannounced quiz • Begin to think about our next class project: Project #5 “Virtual Tour” • Most importantly, we will experience the trials and tribulations of the American spirit and our American Ancestors during the late 19th and early 20th century • ***Please do not forget, during the discovery of this particular unit, I will make All of the class notes available on our class website!!!

3. The Spanish-American War Was the war necessary? McKinley’s desire to placate the Republican Party Jingoism (Yellow Journalism) The war on two fronts “Remember the Maine” Renewed Interest in the Panama Canal The End of Isolationism to World Power

4. The Spanish-American War • Background: • Cuba and Puerto Rico continued as colonies of Spain into the late 19th century, long after the rest of Latin America had achieved independence. • Economic reasons – Cuba’s booming sugar industry • Large Spanish immigrant population – loyalty to their homeland • Slavery existed until 1866 • Growing number of Cubans embraced the cause of Independence, self-rule, economic freedom, and modernization of the island • The Ten-Years War (1868-1878): Creole Rebels stirred the pot for independence • José Marti – Cuban Revolutionary • The 1st attempt – 1895 – “Marti the Martyr”; Leaders and other troops gain experience

5. The Spanish-American War José Marti Cuban Sugar Cane field

6. The Spanish-American War The United States to the rescue Essential Question: Why would the United States, a nation that has practiced isolationism elect to interfere in the politics and foreign affairs of another nation? • “President McKinley is ‘a low politician’ and a man who is weak and caters to the rabble.” • Enrique Dupuy de Lôme - Spanish Minister to Washington, Feb. 9, 1898 William McKinley 25th 1897-1901 Party - Republican

7. The Spanish-American War Causes continued: • Strained relations between Spain and the United States had been much disturbed by the state of affairs in Cuba • Since the 1870s Cubans fighting for Cuban independence and Spanish forces and by 1898 the country was desolate, by some estimates 400 to 500,000 people had died as a result of the fighting • The Cubans had fought three wars for Independence: the Ten Years' War ( 1868-1878 ) , the Little War ( 1879-1880 ) and the War of '95, which led to the Spanish American War . • There were plans to add Cuba to America going back to the days of Thomas Jefferson ..

8. The Spanish-American War Causes continued: The Virginius affair - In 1873, American indignation was briefly aroused by the capture of former Civil War era blockade runner side-wheel steamer, the Virginius. The Virginiuswas captured off Morant Bay, Jamaica, by the Spanish vessel Tornado, and was taken to Santiago de Cuba. There, after a summary court-martial, 53 of the crew and passengers, including Fry and some Americans and Englishmen, were executed as pirates. While most Americans were inclined to remain observers in the Cuban struggle despite sympathy for Cuba, the provocative headline ' Our Flag Fired Upon' in newspapers on March 13, 1895 drew Americans ire Cuban immigrants throughout the U.S. fuel the propaganda war

9. The Spanish-American War Causes continued: • Riots in Havana by rowdy pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" moved the United States to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest opinion was outraged at news of Spanish atrocities and President William McKinley demanded reforms or independence. The US Consul-General, nephew of Robert E. Lee and former Civil War Confederate general Fitzhugh Lee, cabled Washington with fears for the lives of Americans living in HavanaWhen the US battleship Maine blew up on 15 February 1898, tensions escalated, and the U.S. would no longer accept Spanish promises of eventual reform.

10. The Spanish-American War Causes continued: • The Grover Cleveland Admin had been opposed to war • President elect, republican William McKinley was also opposed to war . • Why was President McKinley reluctant to go to war with Spain ? • As a Union officer during the Civil war he had seen death first hand • America was revving from an economic depression and it was thought the war would be a drag on the economy. • America did not know what the European reaction would be to such a war, and if it would bring in other European powers The European press was hostile to America during the war .

11. The Spanish-American War Causes continued: • Despite the sinking of the Maine, it was Spain's failure to grant autonomy to Cuba that was the major force leading to the war • On March 18, 1898 McKinley sent three messages to the American ambassador in Madrid that unless Spain would give full née to Cuba, he would resort to turning the question over to the war favoring Congress . • On April 11, 1898 McKinley sent a message to Congress and congress passed a resolution recognizing the independence of Cuba and on April 25 passed a war resolution. On April 22 the navy had sailed to set up a blockade of ports in Cuba • On April 23 McKinley called for 125,000 and there was a great rush to volunteer • Majority of support from Congress

12. The Spanish-American War An anti-American demonstration in Madrid in 1896 king Alfonso XIII of Spain and his regent mother Maria Cristina

13. The Spanish-American War Remember the Maine!

14. The Spanish-American War Boys "Remember The Maine"Words & music by E.A. WarrenPublished: 1898 For God and home and native land we're marching to the sea,For our dear flag that waves above and for humanity;Our gallant fleet is on the move, we're fighting treachrous Spain.Spurred on by the battle cry, "Remember the 'Maine'!" The stars and stripes are waving on the land and sea,Underneath this banner Cuba shall be free;The army and the navy, while they're fighting Spain,Go forth with the watchword, "Remember the 'Maine'!" We've come to set poor Cuba free, we've come to punish Spain,And to avenge the murder of the heroes of the "Maine".They call to us from wat'ry graves, they shall not call in vain,We will fight beneath the flag, Rememb'ring the "Maine". Hurrah for Yankee soldiers now, beneath one flag they stand,Not only from the North they come, but from the "Dixie land".Now brothers in a common cause, they chant the same refrain."Blue and Gray" march side by side, Rememb'ring the "Maine".

15. The Spanish-American War The Theater

16. The Spanish-American War

17. The Spanish-American War The Results • The conclusion of the Spanish-American War ushered in a new era for American foreign policy, which comprised the following: • An ongoing debate between imperialist and anti-imperialist forces • A commitment to govern the Philippines, where an insurrection broke out among natives who desired full independence • The need to bring the army and navy up to world-class levels; the creation of a true two-ocean navy would also necessitate the development of a canal across Central America • The emergence of Theodore Roosevelt as a major figure on the American scene.

18. Teddy Roosevelt & Progressive Politics The Roosevelt Corollary (before politics got ugly) “It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous....Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention...[and] force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an internal police power.” Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904

19. The Spanish-American War From Isolationism to World Power • Small group activity • Working in small groups, read and interpret the text of following documents. • Jigsaw • The Roosevelt Corollary • Hay–Pauncefote Treaty • Teller Amendment • Platt Amendment Homework:Answer the following question in essay format Considering the results of the Spanish-American War. Was the United States an imperialist nation?

20. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement • On the eve of the 20th century, America was at a crossroad • TTYN:The Occupy Wall Street movement goal is to fight back against the richest 1% of people that are writing the rules of an unfair global economy that is foreclosing on our future. In your opinion, what does this mean? • A century ago…. • Inequality - wealthy business owners vs. workers or those who profited from IR II vs. those who live in abstract poverty – poor living conditions and little pay • What was need and what was wanted – After years of corruption and greed there was a cry for the government to step in help. To rid America of the corruption and greed in politics and business.

21. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement Where and how did this corruption manifest itself? The Political Machine!!! Political machines controlled the activities of political parties in the city. Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure that their candidates were elected and that city government worked to their advantage Stuff the ballot box

22. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement TTYN: Think about your own home – who’s the boss? The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system. Precinct captains and ward bosses, often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants, helped new immigrants with jobs, housing, and naturalization in exchange for votes. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed

23. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement Some political bosses were corrupt and their political machines practiced election fraud by using fake names and voting multiple times to ensure victory. Bribes were common and construction contracts often resulted in kick-backs. Because the police were hired by the boss, there was no close scrutiny.

24. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement • William Marcy Tweed • Known as Boss Tweed • Tammany Hall - NYC’s powerful Democratic political machine. Between 1869-1871 • Tweed Ring – Boss Tweed led; corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Stole more than 200M • Spoils System – “To the victor belong the spoils” – political connection/loyal supporters = jobs • Bribes – purchase of political favors • Convicted of 120 counts of fraud & extortion, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail, but released after one. Rearrested, he escaped to Spain.

25. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement Civil Service Replaces Patronage Push for reform: A new hiring system Current system: Patronage (giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected). Reformers Wanted: adoption of a merit system (hiring the most qualified for jobs). The Result: The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance.

26. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement TTYN: In your opinion, what does it mean to be a progressive? What the Progressives Wanted: • An optimistic vision that an active government could solve socioeconomic problems and create a better, more ordered and efficient world. • Wanted to reduce the influence of party machines on politics. • Equality and better working and living conditions

27. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement The Rise of Progressivism • The Progressive Impulse • The Muckrakers and the Social Gospel • Charles Francis Adams • Upton Sinclair • Lincoln Steffens • Ida Tarbell • The Muckrakers Journalists who wrote to Congress in hopes of correcting abuses was slow and often produced zero results. Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called MUCKRAKERS, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices so grave they made the blood of the average American run cold.

28. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement The Who’s Who of Muckraking Lincoln Steffens, an investigator of corruption in state and municipal governments, published Shame of the Cities in 1904 Ida Tarbell wrote a series of magazine articles detailing the business practices of Standard Oil, which appeared in McClure's and later were published in book form as The History of the Standard Oil Company(1904) Samuel Hopkins Adams won fame from his muckraking exposés of the patent medicine industry Upton Sinclair – Widely viewed as the hero of the progressive movement

29. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement TTYN –What do you think they wrote about? LINCOLN STEFFENS. In 1902, he published an article in MCCLURES'S magazine called "TWEED DAYS IN ST. LOUIS." Steffens exposed how city officials worked in league with big business to maintain power while corrupting the public treasury. Would later write the Shame of Cities, exposing injustices throughout the nation. IDA TARBELL struck next. One month after Lincoln Steffens launched his assault on urban politics, Tarbell began her McClure's series entitled HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY. She outlined and documented the cutthroat business practices behind John Rockefeller's meteoric rise. 

30. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement Samuel Hopkins Adams -The Great American Fraud in Collier's Weekly. Adams analyzed the contents of some of the country's most popular medicines. He argued that many of the companies producing these medicines were making false claims about their products. Adam’s articles had a tremendous impact on public opinion and resulted in the passing of the Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906).  Upton Sinclair - He hoped to illustrate the horrible effects of capitalism on workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry. His bone-chilling account, THE JUNGLE, detailed workers sacrificing their fingers and nails by working with acid, losing limbs, catching diseases, and toiling long hours in cold, cramped conditions. He hoped the public outcry would be so fierce that reforms would soon follow.

31. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement

32. Teddy Roosevelt & Progressive Politics “speak softly and carry a big stick” In other words, If the American nation will speak softly and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far If Sinclair is the hero of the Progressive Movement then Teddy must be the Godfather Theodore Roosevelt 26th 1901-1909 Party: Republican

33. Teddy Roosevelt & Progressive Politics “speak softly and carry a big stick” • Small Group Activity • Short-answer identifications • Jigsaw • The Reclamation Act (1902) • The Elkins Law • “Trust Busting” • Union Strikes and Mediation • IWW • Financial Panic of 1907 • Algeciras Conference • Bull-Moose Party • National Parks

34. The Gilded Age & the Progressive Movement The Results of the Progressive Movement The success of progressivism owed much to publicity generated by the muckrakers, writers who detailed the horrors of poverty, urban slums, dangerous factory conditions, and child labor, among a host of other ills. • Interstate Commerce Act (1887) • Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) • Conservation movement • Railroad legislation • Food and drug laws. • New Amendments: • New means to elect senators, • Protect society through prohibition  • Suffrage to women.