Theories & Theorist

1. Theories & Theorist Paige Runkles & Meredith Holley

2. Psychodynamic • Theory on how personality develops and about emotional problems

3. Sigmund Freud • Born 6 May 1856  • Died 23 September 1939 • Began career as a medical doctor • He believes people have three basic drives; sexual drive, survival instincts, drives for destructiveness • Sexual drives start with oral birth to 2 – sucking, biting, teething • Anal 2 to 3 – toilet training and bowel movements • Phallic 3 to 6 – Identification of sex role • Latency 6 to 12 – energy put in to school work and sports • Genital 12-18 – genitals for pleasure, stimulation, and satisfaction from relationships • All are linked to major challenges for that age

4. Erick Erickson • Born 15 June 1902 • Died 12 May 1994 • Has had a lifelong interest in children and learning • First child analyst in Boston • He proposes 8 stages of development • Trust vs. Mistrust – newborn – its important to our development of our trust with others • Autonomy vs. Doubt – 2 to 3 – learns to manage as well as control impulses. Also to learn to use both mental and motor skills • Industry vs. Inferiority – 6 to 12 – mastering life by adapting to laws and society • Group Identity vs. Alienation – 12 to 18 – strong group identity, ready to plan for furture

5. Erick Erickson Continued • Individual Identity vs. Identity Confusion – 18 to 22 – strong moral identity, ready for intimate relationships • Intimacy vs. Isolation – 22 to 34 – forming close relationships and sharing with others • Generativity vs. Stagnation – 34 to 60 – helping the next generation or nurturing young children • Integrity vs. Despair – 60 to 75- A sense of fulfillment about life, sense of unity with self and others • Immortality vs. Extinction – 75 to death - Life review,Accept death with a sense of integrity and without fear http://www.vtaide.com/png/Erikson.html

6. Behaviorist • Is based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states

7. Ivan Pavlov • Russian physiologist • Found his theory through watching dogs digest their food • Found dogs would anticipate their food and called this form of learning Respondent Conditioning • Born 26 September 1849 • Died 27 February 1936

8. John B. Watson • American theorist that studied Ivan Pavlov theories • Translated his findings of animals into human terms • He believed that you should discourage emotional ties between parents and children • Born January 9, 1878 • Died September 25, 1958

9. Edward L. Thorndike • Studied conditions of learning • Known as the “godfather” of standardized testing • Created what we know as standardized testing • Set fourth the famous stimulus-response • Born August 31, 1874 • Died August 9, 1949

10. B. F. Skinnner • Created the doctrine of the “empty organism” • Says that there is no behavior that cannot be modified • All behavior is under the control of one or more aspects of the environment • Born March 20, 1904 • Died August 18, 1990

11. Albert Bandura • He developed a theory called social learning • From this arose a new concept called modeling • Born December 4, 1925

12. Cognitive • Describes the structure and development of human thought processes and how those processes affect the way a person understands and perceives the world

13. Jean Jacques Piaget • Born: August 9, 1896 • Died: September 17, 1980 • Four major stages of cognitive development • Sensorimotor 0 to 2 • Preoperational 2 to 6 • Concrete Operational 6 to 12 • Formal Operational 12 to adulthood

14. Sociocultural • Focuses on the child as whole and incorporates ideas of culture and values into child development

15. Lev Vygotsky • Born November 17, 1896 • Died June 11, 1934 • was a Soviet Belarusian psychologist • founder of a theory of human cultural and biosocial development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology • posited a concept of the Zone of Proximal Development • the range of tasks that a child is in the process of learning to complete http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky#Zone_of_proximal_development

16. Ecological Divided into 5 systems; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem , macrosystem , and chronosystem

17. Ecological Systems Theory (5) • Microsystem - the immediate environment in which a person is operating, such as the family, classroom, peer group, neighborhood, etc. • Mesosystem - the interaction of two microsystem environments, such as the connection between a child’s home and school • Exosystem - the environment in which an individual is not directly involved, which is external to his or her experience, but nonetheless affects him or her • Macrosystem- the larger cultural context, including issues of cultural values and expectations • Chronosystem - events occurring in the context of passing time. These events may have impact on a particular birth cohort http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/human.development/ecological.htm

18. Theorist- UrieBronfenbrenner • Born April 29, 1917. Died September 25, 2005 • bachelors in psychology and music from cornell, a master's in education from Harvard, and a doctorate in developmental psychology from Michigan. • Sought a joint function between a person and there environment. • “His theory states that there are many different levels of environmental influences that can affect a child's development, starting from people and institutions immediately surrounding the individual to nation-wide cultural forces” • Invented the ecological systems theory as described in the slide before. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner

19. Multiple Intelligence Theory • Intelligence- ability to solve a problem to create a product that is in a culture. • the ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in a culture • a set of skills that make it possible for a person to solve problems in life; • the potential for finding or creating solutions for problems, which involves gathering new knowledge • 9 intelligences

20. The Intelligences • Linguistic Intelligence: the capacity to use language to express what's on your mind and to understand other people • Logical/Mathematical Intelligence: the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system, the way a scientist or a logician does; or to manipulate numbers, quantities, and operations, the way a mathematician does. • Musical Rhythmic Intelligence: the capacity to think in music; to be able to hear patterns, recognize them • Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence: the capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body (your hands, your fingers, your arms) to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of production • Spatial Intelligence: the ability to represent the spatial world internally in your mind • Naturalist Intelligence: the ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) and sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). • Intrapersonal Intelligence: having an understanding of yourself; knowing who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, how you react to things, which things to avoid, and which things to gravitate toward. • Interpersonal Intelligence: the ability to understand other people • Existential Intelligence: the ability and proclivity to pose (and ponder) questions about life, death, and ultimate realities. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_overview.html

21. Theorist- Howard Gardner • Born- July 11, 1943. Still alive today  • psychologist and professor of neuroscience from Harvard University • Completed PhD in 1971 from Harvard • Argued whether intelligence is a single broad ability or is a set if specific abilities. http://infed.org/mobi/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences-and-education/

22. Maturation • Gesell based his theory on three major assumptions: (a) development has a biological basis, (b) good and bad years alternate, and (c) body types (endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph) are correlated with personality development • Process of physical and mental growth determined by heredity • Sequence occurs in stable and orderly ways • Genetically determined by conception • Describes quality of growth http://www.education.com/reference/article/child-development-changing-theories/

23. Theorist- Arnold Gesell • Born June 21,1880. Died may 29, 1961 • psychologist and pediatrician • director of the Yale Clinic of Child Development • Established typical behaviors throughout childhood. • Typical behavior categorized by gradients of growth http://www.education.com/reference/article/arnold-gesell-child-learning-development-theory/

24. Gradients of Growth • 1.Motor characteristics- bodily activity, eyes, and hands. • 2.Personal hygiene-eating, sleeping, elimination, bathing and dressing, health and somatic complaints, and tensional outlets. • 3.Emotional expression- affective attitudes, crying, assertion, and anger. • 4.Fears and dreams • 5.Self and sex • 6.Interpersonal relations- mother-child, child-child, and groupings in play. • 7.Play and pastimes- general interests, reading, music, radio, and cinema. • 8.School life- adjustment to school, classroom demeanor, reading, writing, and arithmetic. • 9.Ethical sense- blaming and alibiing; response to direction, punishment, praise; response to reason; sense of good and bad; and truth and property. • 10.Philosophicoutlook- time, space, language and thought, war, death, and deity.

25. Humanistic Theory • individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. • our actions are motivated in order achieve certain needs • “Hierarchy of Needs”- 5 levels http://psychology.about.com/od/humanist-personality/

26. The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

27. Theorist- Abraham Maslow • Born April 1, 1908. Died June 8, 1970 • American psychologist • Created Maslow's hierarchy of needs • Professor • Stressed the importance of focusing on positive qualities in people http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow

28. Nature vs. Nurture • This debate within psychology is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e. genetic) or acquired (i.e. learned) characteristics. • Nature is that which is inherited / genetic. • Nurture which refers to all environmental influences after conception, i.e. experience. http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html