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NAFA Guide To Air Filtration

NAFA Guide To Air Filtration. Chapter 10 Airborne Microorganisms presented by the National Air Filtration Association. Fifth Edition. Microorganisms. Virus Bacteria Fungi. Bacteria. Viruses. Plant Spores. Tobacco Smoke. Cooking Smoke / Grease. Dander. Hair. Dust. Fertilizer.

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NAFA Guide To Air Filtration

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  1. NAFA Guide To Air Filtration Chapter 10 Airborne Microorganisms presented by the National Air Filtration Association Fifth Edition

  2. Microorganisms • Virus • Bacteria • Fungi

  3. Bacteria Viruses Plant Spores Tobacco Smoke Cooking Smoke / Grease Dander Hair Dust Fertilizer Insecticide Dust Coal Dust Sizes of Specific Indoor Contaminants Virus-0.01 µm Bacteria-0.3-30 µm Fungi-10-100 µm

  4. Virus • non-cellular genetic elements • nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat • Submicroscopic; (10-300 nm; 0.01-0.3 m) • intracellular = enlist a living host for reproduction - replication of DNA of host

  5. Virus (continued...) • transmission: host-to-host, water, fomites, air • cold and flu viruses - large numbers produced in nose and throat of infected persons; expelled with talking and coughing • numerous other viruses - mumps, measles, polio, chickenpox

  6. Bacteria • single celled microorganisms – reproduce by cell division • everywhere in nature • utilize a variety of nutrients

  7. Most Famous Bacteria • Legionella pneumophila - 1976 Philadelphia, PA Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fevercooling towers, condensers, shower heads grocery store vegetable wetting units

  8. Fungi • non-photosynthetic – reproduce by formation of spores that separate from parent organism. • many saprophytic = obtain nutrients from dead organic material • may be allergenic, infectious, toxigenic

  9. What is mold? • not all fungi are molds, but all molds are fungi • filamentous fungi = mold • mildew • agricultural pathogens • also used as a slang term for mold

  10. Fungal Spores • released by active or passive means depending on genus • dispersed by air and water • number in air fluctuates • range in size is from 2-200 m • allergens - spores inhaled and deposited on sensitive mucosa

  11. Filter Efficiency-Removal of Viruses • Removal of Viruses • HEPA Filters • Average penetration 0.0025% • Average Efficiency 99.9975% Note: T1 phage as challenge agent

  12. Single Pass Removal Efficiencies 2 Bacteria and a virus

  13. Hospitals & Health Care Facilities • Airborne Infection Isolation (AIIR) Rooms (negative pressure) a. Must use 99.97% for recirculation • Operating Rooms a. Must use 90% MERV 14 b. 99.97% at outlet for specialized procedures, i.e. organ transplant, etc. • Protective Environment Rooms (positive pressure) a. 99.97% supply Standards for ventilation/filtration/HVAC&R for healthcare Facilities governed by American Institute of Architects Academy of Architecture Institute – Also ASHRAE Design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics

  14. Pathology and Bioresearch Labs • Biosafety Level 1 This laboratory requires no special engineering design features – low level contaminants – no special engineering or laboratory equipment necessary • Biosafety Level 2 This laboratory requires all waste be autoclaved or decontaminated-can be done on open bench but recommend BSC • Biosafety Level 3 This laboratory requires special engineering and must be separated from the general public – use of BSC • Biosafety Level 4 This laboratory must be a separate building or completely isolated controlled access area within the building

  15. HEPA Filter Module - Air Circulation

  16. Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms (AIIR) • AIIR Rooms - Negative pressure for infectious diseases – i.e. TB • Protective Environment Rooms – Positive pressure for immune suppressed – i.e. organ transplant patients

  17. Biological Safety Cabinets Are used for microbiological research There are Three (3) categories: • Class I are designed for general research provide personnel and environmental protection • 2 Class II Type A2, B1, & B2 cabinets are designed for product, personnel and protection with HEPA filtered exhaust air (most popular)

  18. Biological Safety Cabinets • Class III - air tight cabinets totally enclosed. Operations done through attached rubber gloves.

  19. Sample Questions • Tuberculosis patients must be kept in rooms that are_________pressure? Negative to the outer room(s) • Even though smaller than 0.3 µm, HEPA filters can remove________? Viruses • Bacteria reproduce by? Cell division • Healthcare facilities follow filter guidelines of? American Institute of Architects (AIA)

  20. Thank you. Other Questions?

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