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Chapter 1 Getting Started

Chapter 1 Getting Started. What is Statistics?. Individuals vs. Variables. Individuals . Variables. Characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed. People or objects included in the study . Quantitative vs. Qualitative. Quantitative Variables. Qualitative Variables.

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Chapter 1 Getting Started

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  1. Chapter 1 Getting Started What is Statistics?

  2. Individuals vs. Variables Individuals Variables Characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed • People or objects included in the study

  3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Quantitative Variables Qualitative Variables Describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or group, such as male or female • Have value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense

  4. Population vs. Sample Population Data Sample Data The data are from only some of the individuals of interest Sample Statistics are numerical measures that describe an aspect of a sample • Data is from every individual of interest • Population Parameters are numerical measures that describe an aspect of a population

  5. Levels of Measurement • Nominal – Names, Labels, Categories • Ordinal – Arranged in meaningful mathematical order • Interval – Differences are meaningful • Ratio – Division or percentage comparisons make sense; zero point

  6. Chapter 1 Getting Started 1.2 Random Samples

  7. Simple Random Sample (SRS) • A simple random sample of no measurements from a population is a subset of the population selected in such a manner that every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected.

  8. Random Number Tables (RNT) • Used to help secure a SRS • Steps: • Number all members of the population sequentially. • Drop a pin on the RNT to pick a starting point • Pull digits n at a time, discarding non-used numbers • Repetition?

  9. Other Methods to Secure a SRS • Systematic • Stratified • Cluster • Multistage • Convenience

  10. Systematic Sampling • Population is numbered • Select a starting point at random and pick every kth member

  11. Stratified Sampling • Divide population into distinct subgroups based on specific characteristics • Draw random samples from each strata

  12. Cluster Sampling • Divide population into pre-existing segments or clusters (often geographic). • Make a random selection of clusters. • All members of cluster are chosen.

  13. Multistage Sampling • Use a variety of sampling methods to create successively smaller groups at each stage. • Final sample is made of clusters.

  14. Convenience Sampling • Create sample by selecting population members which are easily available

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