Civil Rights Movement

1. Civil Rights Movement U.S. HISTORY MRS. TOTH

2. 1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON- • SEPARATE BUT EQUAL • DID NOT VIOLATE 14TH AMENDMENT • JIM CROW LAWS- • FORBADE MARRIAGE BLACK/WHITE • EVERYTHING SEPERATED • “COLORED WATER”– “NO BLACKS ALLOWED” PLESSY V. FERGUSON

4. May 17, 1954 • Linda Brown-8 yrs. Old • 21 Blocks to School • Father charged school board with violating rights • Chief Justice Earl Warren Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

5. De-Facto Segregation • Exists by practice and custom • Great Migration led to the “White Flight” • “White Flight”- moving from the cities further out to suburbs • De-jure Segregation • Segregation by law • Changing means changing attitudes not changing laws Types of Segregation

6. Arkansas (First Southern State) • Set to Begin: September 1957 • High School: Central High School (all-white) • Governor OrvalFaubus: • Ordered the AR National Guard to surround the school • “to protect the school from attacks by armed protestors” • One of the 9 showed up alone and was attacked Little Rock Nine

7. 3 Weeks • Court Orders • Pres. Eisenhower • 1.000 troops! • Sept. 25, 1957 • Harassment, Suspensions, • Expulsion Little Rock Nine

9. Letter to the Mayor (Montgomery, Alabama) • Refused to stop the Segregation (transportation) • December 1, 1955: • Rosa Parks (Seamstress, NAACP Officer) • Took a seat on the front row of “Colored” sect. • Driver asked her to vacate the seat for a white man to sit • Rosa Parks refused to move! He threatened her arrest Montgomery Bus Boycott

10. Many of the African-Americans of the community organized a bus boycott • 26 yr. old Martin Luther King (pastor of a church) led the boycott • Filed a lawsuit against the city • For 381 days, African Americans refused to ride the busing system • Non-violent Protest (even with one bomb) • 1956: Supreme Court outlawed segregation Montgomery Bus Boycott

11. 14-year old boy • From Illinois • Visiting Uncle in MS • Flirting with a white lady • Beat, shot, and left at the bottom of the river Emmett Till

12. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) “AA at Shaw Univ. in Raleigh, North Carolina Pace from Brown v Board to slow! One of the most important student activist group in history • “carry nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship” • Planned to stage protests in the South • King was the President Civil Rights

13. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Staged the first “sit-in” in Chicago 1942 • Segregated Lunch Counters • February 1960 • North Carolina: sit-in at a whites-only lunch counter • Beating, pouring food, etc….refused to strike back! Civil Rights

14. 1961: CORE Members took a bus trip through the South • Purpose: Desegregated Interstate Bus Routes • Wanted a violent reaction! • Provoking Pres. Kennedy to enforce the Supreme Court decision Freedom Riders

15. Bus One-AL State Line Bus Two-Anniston Alabama 200 whites attacked! Tire blew, windows were smashed, fire bomb thrown Bus Companies refused to go any further! SNCC sent another bus to pick those riders up Traveling from Nashville • Racists boarded carrying: • Chains • Brass Knuckles • Pistols • Beat all AA and white riders • Managed to escape—Kept on Riding! • NEXT STOP: Birmingham! Freedom Riders

17. Bus One-Birmingham, Alabama (SNCC) Bus One-Montgomery, Alabama (SNCC) Kennedy promised Protection to the riders Mob waiting with bats and lead pipes Beatings led to National News Kennedy sent support and riders continued to Jackson, MS • Policeman pulled them from the bus and beat them • Driven back to Tennessee • Returned to Birmingham • Driver was scared so instead they occupied “whites-only” waiting room for 18-hours! Freedom Riders

19. University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) • Gov. Ross Barnett • Kennedy ordered troops • Sept. 30, 1962-riots broke out on campus resulting in 2 deaths • Soldiers, 200 arrests, 15 hrs to stop! • Federal official escorting Meredith to class James Meredith

21. August 28, 1963: 250,000 Met at the Washington Monument • Plan to March from the Monument to the Lincoln Memorial • Martin Luther King Jr. • “I Have A Dream” • Oct. 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated • Vice President Lyndon B Johnson • July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964 • “prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, or national origin” March on Washington

23. 1964: CORE and SNCCC recruited college students to train (non-violent) • To register African-Americans to vote in the south (Mississippi) • June 1944 • Andrew Goodman • James Chaney • Michael Schwerner • Disappeared in Neshoba County • Klansman and Local Police murdered! Freedom Summer

24. Campaign in Selma • Fannie Lou Hammer organized 1964 MS Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) • Wanted seats in MS Legislature • 1965: King responded with a 50 mile protest march from Selma to Montgomery • 600 marched • Police swung whips, clubs and clouds of tear dust swirled around marchers Freedom Summer

25. Voting Rights Act of 1965: • Eliminated literacy tests; Federal people could j enroll those who were denied locally Freedom Summer

26. Reason for many race riots in the United States • Jailed at 20—Began to study the “Nation of Islam” (Black Muslims) • Preached to Society:” Whites cause all our problems” • Assassinated Feb. 1965 • Led to the movement of: “Black Power” Malcolm X

27. Black Power Black Panthers Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Oct. 1966 in Oakland, California to fight police brutality in the ghetto Self-sufficiency, full employment, decent housing, exempt from military service Dressed in Black leather jackets, black berets, and sunglasses Preached self-defense, sold copies of communist books, participated in numerous police shoot-outs • June 1966-non-violent vs. violent activists • Some members of SNCC began to shout slogans similar to those by Malcolm X • Stokely Carmichael • Preached “Black Power” • King advised against!!

28. Objected the Black Power Movement • April 3, 1968 gave a speech in Memphis • April 4th, the King stood on his hotel balcony • James Earl Ray—high powered rifle • 100 cities exploded in flames with rage Death of Martin Luther King Jr.

29. Women’s Rights and Counterculture

30. Betty Friedan: “The Feminine Mystique” • Feminism—The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Pushed for creation of child-care facilities • Ban gender discrimination for job hirings • Wanted Sex-segregation jobs illegal Women’s Fight for Equality

31. Roe V. Wade—Right to have an abortion • Now Supported! • 1973 Supreme Court ruled that women do have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972: • 38 states to ratify • Phyllis Schlafly(Conservative)—drafting of women, end of homemakers, husband responsibility, same-sex marriages • “Radical feminists “hate men, marriage, and children” Women’s Fight for Equality

32. Counterculture: “a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s • Hippies: “American society and it’s materialism, technology, and war has grown hollow” • “Tune it, turn on, drop out” Culture and Counterculture

33. Rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothing, sexual license, and illegal drugs • (Marijuana and LSD) • Zen Buddhism (religion) • Ragged Jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, military garments, love beads and Native American beads • Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco) Hippie Culture

34. “Do your own thing” has no guidance?? • 1970 • Janis Joplin • Jimi Hendrix • Collecting Welfare, and Food Stamps Hippie Culture

35. POP ART • Andy Warhol • Bright, simple, commercial-looking images Popular Art

36. Rock ‘n’ Roll • The Beatles • Liverpool, England • Broke up in 1970 • Woodstock • Aug 1969 • Farm in New York • Music and Art Fair Rock Music

37. Woodstock Festival

38. Grateful Dead-Woodstock Woodstock Festival-All women, men, and children!

39. Janis Joplin-Woodstock 1969