Geographical Thinking: From the Past to the Present

1. Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically

2. Warm Up • On a piece of paper • Imagine and describe the most remote place on Earth you can think of 100 years ago. • Now, describe how globalization has changed this place and how the people there continue to shape it –to make it the place it is today.

3. An in-depth Social Science • Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise in memorizing place names.

4. Human Geography • The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world.

5. Where we find Geography? • Geography exist in the global issues receiving attention at this time things such as • Population growth • Terrorism • Cultural diffusion. • Diffusion is defined as the spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations within a community or from one community to another.

6. Location, Location, Location • Geography's importance can also be established by looking at community issues, such as: • Water supply • Pollution • Growth management • Housing • Retail • Openings • Closures

7. Thinking Geographically • In addition to political rule, boundaries can be drawn based on various components of culture including language, religion, values.

8. Questions to Ponder • Where would the most desirable places to live be located? • What impacts would this population increase cause?

9. Every Story Can be approached from a Geographers Perspective • Consider natural events and natural disasters. Do humans choose to live in harm’s way?

10. Spatial analysis • Geography by its nature is a spatial science. Geographers therefore study space in order to locate the distribution of people and objects. Geographers ask two main questions, “where” and “why.” Spatial analysis is concerned with analyzing regularities achieved through interaction. Regularities result in a distinctive distribution of a feature. • Distribution has three properties: • Density • Concentration • Pattern

11. World Political Boundaries (2004) Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

12. How Geographers Address Location • Maps • Early mapmaking • Map scale • Projection • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Contemporary Tools • GIS • Remote sensing • GPS

13. CARTOGRAPHY • Map = FLAT • Cartographer = Map Maker • Cartography is the art/science of map making.

14. Cardinal Directions • 4 basic directions on earth • North – Never • East – Eat • South – Soggy • West – Waffles • Compass Rose • Directional marker, a map symbol that tells you where the four cardinal directions are in relation to the map

15. North and South Hemisphere • Hemi = half/one side Sphere = ball/globe • The equator divides the earth into 2 hemispheres • Everything north of the Equator is in the Northern Hemisphere • Everything south of the Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere

16. Lines of Latitude Run parallel to the Equator north and south Start at the equator 0° Latitude North of the Equator towards the North Pole up to at 90°N South of the Equator towards the South Pole up to 90°S

17. Eastern and Western Hemisphere • The Prime Meridian divides the earth into 2 hemispheres • Everything WEST of the prime meridian is in the Western Hemisphere • Everything EAST of the prime meridian is in the Eastern Hemisphere

18. Lines of Longitude Run East and West at equal intervals away from the Prime Meridian Start at the Prime Meridian 0° Longitude Are numbered up to 180° Longitude at the international dateline Are designated as either East or West of the prime meridian.

19. Ptolemy’s view of the world c150AD

20. Old Islamic Maps Fulfilling the duties of formal prayers and the pilgrimage, Muslims need to find the direction and routes leading to al Ka'ba from virtually any spot on the globe. The Ka'ba is the house of Abraham in Mecca. And it is the point at which Muslims must face when they perform prayers. Left - map of the world in 1154 by Idrissi Right - map of the world made by the Muslim geographer Jihani in the 10th century of the Christian era.

21. Maps of the Marshall Islands Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.

22. Scale Differences: Maps of Florida Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)

23. Reference Maps Show locations of places and geographic features Absolute locations What are reference maps used for? Two Types of Maps:

24. THEMATIC MAPS – depict characteristics of places Categorical type - Depict areas that are different in kind - Use several distinct colors to show different categories desert forest tundra Examples: climates, religions Choropleth type - Depict areas that are different in amount - Use shades of similar colors to show different values high value medium low value Examples: population density, literacy rates

25. Example of “categorical map”

26. Example of “choropleth map” Human Development Index (HDI) Rankings Includes GNI/PPP, Literacy, and Life Expectancy Which regions have high HDI? Which regions have low HDI? Which places are exceptions?

27. Examples of Map Projections Mollweid - Equal Area Map http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html

28. Township and Range System in the U.S. Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.

29. Layers of a GIS Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.

30. GPS

32. Uniqueness of Places and Regions • Place: Unique location of a feature • Place names • Site • Situation • Mathematical location • Regions: Areas of unique characteristics • Cultural landscape • Types of regions • Regional integration of culture • Cultural ecology

33. Site: Lower Manhattan Island Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.

34. Situation: Singapore Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.

35. Djibouti & Lahore

36. World Geographic Grid Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.

37. World Time Zones Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.

38. Election 2000: Regional Differences Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.

39. Formal and Functional Regions Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.

40. Vernacular Regions Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.

41. Vernacular Region - Kurdistan

42. Spatial Association at Various Scales Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the U.S., Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.

43. What is Culture? • Your book defines culture as a body of customary believes, material trades, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. • The Latin root of culture is cultus, which means to care for. Example Agriculture (term for growing things)

44. Cultural Ecology • Geographers also consider environmental factors as well as cultural factors, when looking at regions. • This is cultural ecology. • Basically, this is the geographic study of human-environmental relations. • In the 19th Century – some geographers said that human actions were caused by environmental conditions. (environmental determinism) • This is rejected by modern geographers that say some environmental conditions limit human actions. (possibilism) • Of course now we are realizing that humans can actually adjust their environment. (For good or bad)

45. World Climate Regions Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.

46. Geomorphology • This is the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms.

47. Environmental Modification in the Netherlands Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.

48. Environmental Modification in Florida View of Miami Beach The barrier Island - Orchid Island – in the town I grew up in. Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.

49. Similarity of Different Places • Scale: From local to global • Globalization of economy • Globalization of culture • Space: Distribution of features • Distribution • Gender and ethnic diversity in space • Connections between places • Spatial interaction • Diffusion

50. Globalization of the Economy Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.