Website: www.englas.pl/sks/sks.html Language clinic notes Preliminary test and weekly quizzes Language resources an

1. Website: www.englas.pl/sks/sks.html Language clinic notes Preliminary test and weekly quizzes Language resources and other ideas ......

2. Where are the discourse markers? The sentence that the judge handed down was strict, on the other hand it had to reflect the severity of the crime. Likewise, the sentences handed down to his accomplices were especially tough on the grounds that their involvement was continued and as a consequence implicit in allowing the defendant to continue his reign of terror. The way in which the crimes occured and how the victims were targeted in order to maximise fear meant that this operation was well organised and carried out by ruthless individuals .

3. Linking words/discourse markers Identify the errors with the following discourse markers: On one hand, in the other hand On one hand, on the second hand To put it a second way To tell you a truth Neither ... or that The way in that Below those circumstances In a consequence Except from Apart for on other in another the nor which under as for from

4. Linking words/discourse markers Fall into the following catergories (amongst others): Addition (positive and negative) Contrast Similarity Concession Alternative Emphasis Exemplification Clarification Cause / reason Manner Condition Consequence of a condition Place Effect / result (focus on purpose) Comparison (focus on effect) Comparison Time Exception Relative pronouns Adverbs/Adverbial expressions

5. Addition (3) concession (2) emphasis(3) clarification (2) That is to say – regardless of – not to mention – besides – actually Indeed – admittedly – specifically – in fact – furthermore – in other words Addition concession emphasis clarification regardless of actually That is to say furthermore admittedly Indeed specifically not to mention in fact besides

6. Exemplification (2) condition (3) effect (2) purpose (2) So that – consequently – for fear that – granting that – in particular especially – otherwise – for this reason – assuming that Exemplification condition effect purpose Granting that Otherwise Assuming that In particular especially Consequently For this reason So that For fear that

7. Adverbs / Adverbial expressions These show the speaker’s attitude towards what has been done or what the speaker is saying. What do the following mean? Basically, Quite honestly, Apparently, Admittedly, Surely After all, As a matter of fact, Mind you / still, I mean, Obviously, Naturally, All in all, By the way, This is a fact that might surprise you Not connected to what I’ve been talking about This contrasts with what I’ve previously said I’ve heard this but don’t know if it’s true I’m trying to make things clear to you Of course this is what I’d expect I’m going to speak to you sincerely Don’t forget this, it explains why I’m right I don’t know why you don’t agree with me This weakens what I’m saying The most important point I’m considering every part of the situation This fact cannot be doubted

8. Adverbs / Adverbial expressions These show the speaker’s attitude towards what has been done or what the speaker is saying. What do the following mean? Basically, Quite honestly, Apparently, Admittedly, Surely After all, As a matter of fact, Mind you / still, I mean, Obviously, Naturally, All in all, By the way, The most important point I’m going to speak to you sincerely I’ve heard this but don’t know if it’s true This weakens what I’m saying I don’t know why you don’t agree with me Don’t forget this, it explains why I’m right This is a fact that might surprise you This contrasts with what I’ve previously said I’m trying to make things clear to you This fact cannot be doubted Of course this is what I’d expect I’m considering every part of the situation Not connected to what I’ve been talking about

9. Despite the fact that Due to As though Consequently Nevertheless

10. Which answer is the odd one out?

12. Choose a suitable discourse marker to fill the gap: ________ it is hereby agreed that this amount will be in full and final settlement. ________ I would like to introduce the main speaker. It will not be necessary _________ to take this matter any further. The Claimant is a wealthy man _________ of the damages awarded to him. Damages awards are usually higher in US courts. ________ it may be more convenient to issue legal proceedings in England. He is a good barrister. He is not popular ________ with colleagues in chambers. futhermore To begin with / firstly therefore as a result On the other hand however

13. The following pages are for reference purposes and should be used in case you need an appropriate synonym or are searching for a linker for a particular purpose.

14. Positive addition: and, not only .. but also, both .. and, too, moreover, furthermore, further, in addition to +ing, also, not to mention the fact that, besides. Negative addition: neither .. nor, nor. Contrast: but, not .. but,while, whereas, at the same time, despite, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet. Similarity: Similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally. Concession: but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though, despite, in spite of, regardless of, admittedly, considering, whereas, while, nonetheless. Alternative: or, on the other hand, either .. or, alternatively. Emphasis: besides, not only this but also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone.

15. Exemplification: as, such as, for example, for instance, particularly, in particular, especially. Clarification: that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it another way, I mean. Cause/Reason: as, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so. Manner: as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same way (as), as if, as though. Condition: in case, assuming, on condition that, provided/providing that, unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, granted/granting that, whether .. or, only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of. Consequence of a condition: consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, if not, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus.

16. Place: where, wherever. Effect/Result (Purpose): so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that), in case. Comparison (Effect): such/so that, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, thus, therefore, so. Comparison: as .. as, than, half as .. as, nothing like, the .. the, twice as .. as, less .. than. Time: when, wherever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since. Exception: but (for), except (for), apart from.