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What constitutes a plant?

29-30: Kingdom Plantae. What constitutes a plant?. What are the evolutionary trends in plants?. What are the reproductive trends in plants?. The Netherlands. What constitutes a plant?. Plants are: Multicellular Eukaryotes Photosynthetic autotrophs

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What constitutes a plant?

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  1. 29-30: Kingdom Plantae What constitutes a plant? What are the evolutionary trends in plants? What are the reproductive trends in plants?

  2. The Netherlands

  3. What constitutes a plant? Plants are: Multicellular Eukaryotes Photosynthetic autotrophs Algae may also have these characteristics. Plants appear to have developed from algae. Other features that plants and algae have in common: Presence of chrolophyll b as an accessory pigment Cellulose cell walls Starch as storage product of surplus carbohydrates Plants occur both on land and in water. Algae only in the presence of water.

  4. 29.4 Where is the line dividing land plants from algae? Three possible plant kingdoms? Embryophytes: Plants with embryos

  5. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution • Walled spores toughened by sporopollenin • Multicellular, dependent embryos • Apical meristems (root, shoot) • Presence of a waxy cuticle [See book p. 602-603]

  6. 29.5. Walled spores produced in sporangia. Spores are haploid reproductive cells that can grow into gametophytes (n) by mitosis. Sporopollenin makes the walls of spores very tough and protects them against dehydration Multicellular, dependent embryos Develop from zygotes that are retained within tissue from the female parent

  7. 29.5. Apical meristem

  8. Figure 35.18. Leaf anatomy (incl. waxy cuticle)

  9. Phloem Cambium Xylem: Water conducting cells Figure 3.3 Vascular tissue – support against gravity and transport system in plants Lignin: Hard material embedded in cellulose cell walls for structural support

  10. Figure 29.5 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

  11. A hypothetical mechanism for the origin of alternation of generations in the ancestor of plants

  12. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

  13. Table 29.1Ten Phyla (Divisions) of Extant Plants (Embryophytes)

  14. Figure 29.3 CharophyceansThe closest algal relatives of land plantsChara (top), Coleochaete orbicularis (bottom) 29.4

  15. Chara

  16. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

  17. 29.9. Bryophytes Liverworts Hornworts Mosses

  18. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a moss (Polytrichum)

  19. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a moss (Polytrichum)

  20. gametophyte sporophyte Moss life cycle archegonium sporangium spores protonema

  21. Marchantia, a liverwort

  22. Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left), Anteridium of a hornwort (right)

  23. A moss sporangium with a “spore-shaker” tip

  24. Bryophytes Liverworts Hornworts Mosses

  25. Sphagnum, or peat moss: Peat bog in Oneida County, Wisconsin (top), close-up of Sphagnum (bottom left), Sphagnum "leaf" (bottom right)

  26. A peat moss bog in Norway Carbon reservoir  may help stabilize global atmospheric CO2

  27. 29.11. More than 2000-year old bog mummy preserved in acid, oxygen poor Sphagnum wetlands 29.11. Peat, partially decayed organic material, harvested from peat moss (Sphagnum) wetlands. Decomposition is slow due to cold temperatures, acid conditions and little oxygen.

  28. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

  29. Xylem cells in angiosperms (see also Fig 35.10) Lignin

  30. Seedless Vascular plants- Ferns

  31. Figure 29.16 Lycophyta and Pterophyta. Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence (some 350 million yrs B.P.)

  32. strobulus 29.15. Lycophytes: club "moss" (top left), many are epiphytesPterophytes: whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right) Lycophyta Pterophyta

  33. Figure 29.13 The life cycle of a fern

  34. Figure 29.13 The life cycle of a fern

  35. Life cycle of a fern: mature fern

  36. Life cycle of a fern: sorus

  37. Life cycle of a fern: sporangium

  38. Life cycle of a fern: mature sporangium

  39. Life cycle of a fern: germinating

  40. Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte

  41. Life cycle of a fern: sporophytes

  42. 29.15. Lycophytes: club "moss" (top left)Pterophytes: whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right) Lycophyta Pterophyta

  43. Figure 29.13 The life cycle of a fern

  44. Heterospory: The sporophyte has two types of sporangia that produce two types of spores, which develop into either female or male unisexual gametophytes. • Spores: • Megaspore, developing into a female gametophyte, which will produce an egg • Microspore, developing into a smaller male gametophyte, which produces sperm

  45. They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. Seedless vascular plants are all heterosporous. Whole forests were dominated by large, vascular seedless plants more than 300 million years ago. The few seedless vascular plants still living are large and rare. None of the above are true. Vascular plants never form seeds. Which of the following is TRUE of seedless vascular plants?

  46. Concept 29.1. Land plants evolved from green algae Concept 29.2. Mosses and other non-vascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes Concept 29.3. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall Chapter 29 –Review (p. 616)

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