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Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies. 10,000 BCE to 600 BCE. Outline. Main Idea The Neolithic Revolution New and more complex social and economic systems Emergence of agriculture in societies Pastoralism Domestication of crops and animals

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Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

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  1. Key Concept 1.2The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies 10,000 BCE to 600 BCE

  2. Outline • Main Idea • The Neolithic Revolution • New and more complex social and economic systems • Emergence of agriculture in societies • Pastoralism • Domestication of crops and animals • Impact on environment • Transformation of human societies • Food supply and population growth • Surplus and specialization of labor • Technological innovation • Accumulation of wealth

  3. Main Idea The Neolithic Revolution and the resulting changes from hunter-gatherer to agrarian societies profoundly altered patterns of human civilization.

  4. The Neolithic Revolution • Societies founded during this time were the foundation of the River Valley civilizations. • Why did it start? • Need for a long-term reliable source of food • Experimentation • Need for organization • By accident

  5. New and more complex social systems • The Neolithic Revolution began the era of permanent societies. • Demographic of farmers less diverse than demographic of hunters • Gender roles became more prevalent • Reliance on land gave way to political organization • Political organization caused social organization

  6. Emergence of Agriculture in Societies • Around 8000 BCE humans began to plant crops • Usually in river valleys • Started in Southwest Asia • Mesopotamia • Also: • Nile River • Yellow (Huang) River Valley • Indus River Valley • Mesoamerica • Andes Mountains Note that this did not happen globally and concurrently, meaning that people didn’t start planting all over the world at the same time. -China was 2000 years behind Mesopotamia -In the Andes and Mesoamerica, around 2500 BCE

  7. The Agricultural Revolution • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

  8. Pastoralism • The raising of livestock • Developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/neolithic-agricultural-revolution-causes-and-implications.html

  9. Domestication of crops and animals • This happened in various core regions • Dependent on available local flora and fauna • Examples • Maize, beans, squash • Rye, wheat, barley • Potato • Teff • Rice • Quinoa • Various marine animals and snails • Sheep, goats, yaks, llamas • Animals were used for • Protection • Food • Hunting • Diseases were increasingly transferred between humans and animals

  10. Impact on environment • Pastoralists grazed large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands • Erosion • Soil overused • Deforestation • Animals more suited to human needs • Animal husbandry

  11. Transformation of human societies • Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production.

  12. Food supply and population growth • Food supply used to be unreliable • Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and dependent food sources • Population growth—people lived longer and had more kids, who in turn had kids • Positive feedback loop

  13. Surplus and specialization of labor • The population growth was a factor in the development of the world’s first cities • Class distinctions • More leisure time • Loyalty to leadership • Female labor • New classes of artisans and warriors • Development of elites

  14. Technological Innovations • Farming equipment • Irrigation canals • Metallurgy • Bronze • Iron • Food surpluses and storage

  15. Accumulation of Wealth • As elite groups reaped the benefits of agriculture and pastoralism… • Hierarchal social structures • Patriarchy • Families and marriages • Role of men and women • Male domination • Social classes emerging and solidifying • Evidence from burials

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