Different reality monitoring brain Patterns during adolescence and adulthood

1. Different reality monitoringbrain Patterns during adolescence and adulthood Marine Lazouret SYNAPSY HAPPY HOUR

2. adolescence • Developmental time-window • Hormonal • Physical (puberty) • Social (family, friends) • Cerebral (maturation, reorganization) Casey et al., Biol Psychol. 2000 Blakemore et al., Neuroimage 2011 Stress • Increased psychopathological symptoms appear during adolescence • Schizophrenic symptoms • These manifestations increase the risk for unfolding schizophrenia in adulthood • Relevant to study Reality Monitoring to better understand the underlying mechanisms leading to psychosis

3. 5 5 G G Reality monitoring • Reality Monitoring: Internal-External distinction Johnson & Raye, Psychological Review 1981 • « Did I imagine closing the door or did I actually do it? » • « Did Marie say this or did I? » • Impaired cognitive process in psychopathologies • Schizophrenia (external attribution bias) Thoughts External voice

4. Neural correlates of reality monitoring • Neural correlates of Reality Monitoring in Adolescents Temporal Language & wordmeaning Frontal Sustaining attention, workingmemory, self-awareness, higher-order cognitive processing, conflict monitoring & errordetection Lagioiaet al., NeuroImage 2011 Parietal Conscious perception, workingmemory, attention, source-monitoring, language& learning • Differences in brain activations between adolescents and adults have been observed during cognitive control

5. G G AIMS & Hypotheses • Investigating the Neural Correlate differences between adolescence and adulthood during a Reality Monitoring paradigm • Hypothesis: equal performances at the task but adults possess more efficient networks, less activation in certain regions and better coordination between the networks involved in reality monitoring. • This implies a change in strategy between adolescence and adulthood in reality monitoring processing.

6. Functional MRI paradigm • Reality Monitoring block-design fMRI paradigm • 22 adolescents (12-18) and 11 adults (27-33) • Right handed, typically developing participants • 3Tesla Trio System Study Phase Retrieval Phase Experimenter Subject Subject Experimenter mother day white and ? good and ? day and night mother and father 1=Seen 2=Imagined 1=Subject 2=Experimenter

7. Preprocessing General Linear Model (GLM) fMRI time-series Independent Component Analysis (ICA) Time Realignment Slice-timing correction Normalization Smoothing Co-registration Anatomical template in MNI space Anatomical scan

8. General linear model • First Approach: General Linear Model • Model of the task: Design Matrix • Fitting of the HRF signal to the design matrix • Statistical estimation of the response (brain activity) • Contrast of interest: Reality Monitoring > Baseline

9. Independent component analysis • Second Approach: ICA • Blind source separation, data driven analysis • Output: spatial activation maps • Removal of artifacts (movement, hear beating…etc.) • « Demixing » of the BOLD signal into Networks • Functional Connectivity between the networks was calculated (correlation between components’ time courses).

10. Behavioralresults • No significant differences in Performance or Reaction Times during the fMRI paradigm between adolescents and adults

11. reality monitoring correlates(GLM) • Adolescents • Adults

12. G G reality monitoring correlates(GLM) • Adults • Middle Frontal Gyrus • Medial Frontal Gyrus • Precuneus • Inferior Parietal Lobule • Cingulate Gyrus • Less brain activity • Adolescents • Middle Frontal Gyrus • Inferior & Superior Frontal Gyrus • Medial Frontal Gyrus • Middle Temporal Gyrus • Precuneus • Inferior Parietal Lobule • Anterior & Posterior Cingulate • Regions involved in source retrieval, attention, contextual recall & memory

13. Adolescents>Adults(GLM) • Cingulate Gyrus • control of cognitive processes • Connectedwith PFC and Parietal Cortex • Errordetection and conflict monitoring • Middle Temporal Gyrus • Verbal Treatment • Word Meaning

14. Networks(ICA) • Reality Monitoring Networks in Adolescents • Reality Monitoring Networks in Adults • Right Executive Control Network  Reasoning, attention & memory • Language Network  Word generation, working and explicit memorytasks • Ventral DMN  Episodicrecall, imaginedscenes

15. Group differences(ICA) • Language and Executive Control Network coordination Adults: r = 0.7 Adolescents: r = 0.47 • Adults show significantlygreater coordination between the Language and Executive Control networks during a reality monitoring task  Greater Inter-Network INTEGRATION

16. discussion • Same behavioral results in reality monitoring • Brain activity: • Adults recruit less brain regions for the same cognitive process (MTG & Ant.C) • Adolescents rely more on the semantic word meaning and on error detection processes than on information retrieval • Networks: • Three networks implicated in RM in Adolescents. Only the first two in adults. • Greater integration of Language and Right Executive Control networks • Organization of networks is crucial for performance, behavior and good functioning Fairet al., PLoS Comput. Biol. 2011

17. Take home message • Reorganization of brain networks throughout childhood and adolescence • Leads to more efficient cognitive process • Integration of networks at adulthood • Change in Neural Recruitment between adolescence and adulthood

18. Future investigations • Investigate adolescents with personality disorders • Schizotypal Personality Disorders • Comparison between healthy and high schizotypal expressing adolescents • Why? • Understand the neural correlates of psychosis onset during adolescence • During brain reorganization, why do adolescents take different courses (‘normal’ adulthood or psychosis)? • Integrate both functional and structural imaging

19. acknowledgments • Martin Debbané • Stephan Eliez • Marie Schaer • Dimitri Van De Ville • FrancoisLazeyras • Sarah Menghetti • Deborah Badoud • Maude Schneider • Elisa Scariati • Martina Franchini • Marie-Christine Ottet • Tarik Dahoun • Francesca Knecht • AnnaLauraLagioia • Alexandra Zaharia • Lia Antico • Estelle Colinmaire • Elodie Cuche • Laure Chevalley

20. Thank you for your attention!