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Nutrition during Adolescence

Nutrition during Adolescence. Physiological changes Nutrient needs Focus on calcium Eating behaviors Feeding responsibility Vegetarian choices Eating disorders Lifestyle behaviors Substance use/abuse Fitness and nutrition Teen pregnancy. Physiological Changes during Puberty.

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Nutrition during Adolescence

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  1. Nutrition during Adolescence • Physiological changes • Nutrient needs • Focus on calcium • Eating behaviors • Feeding responsibility • Vegetarian choices • Eating disorders • Lifestyle behaviors • Substance use/abuse • Fitness and nutrition • Teen pregnancy

  2. Physiological Changes during Puberty • Puberty = period of ________ from childhood to adulthood • Hormonal changes/body composition triggers? • Physical: • sexual maturation • increased height/weight • body composition nutrition • men: _____ protein, Fe, Zn, Ca • women: _______ menses Fe • acne

  3. Psychological Characteristics • Establish • Egocentrism • Imaginary Audience • high self-consciousness • belief in their special, unique existence • “It won’t happen to me” **Health implication =

  4. Calcium… • 45-50% of total bone growth occurs during adolescence • can absorb ____________ as adults • Adequate Intake (AI) is set at ______ mg calcium/day to take advantage of opportunity to build (9-18 years old) • High ___________ intake is a concern

  5. …and Other Nutrients • Adolescents are generally low in • Protein: they get ~2 times more than needed • Zinc: needed for bioavailability increases • Fiber: 0.5 g/kg body weight; keep < 35 g total • V.C:

  6. Eating Behaviors • Teens will take increasing responsibility for their food choices • They still probably need _______ (25-33% of intake) • Skipping breakfast/meals is common but unhealthy • Influences on eating behaviors:

  7. Eating Behaviors • Teens will take increasing responsibility for their food choices… • may choose “alternative” eating patterns • greater risk for eating disorders • Vegetarians: start puberty shorter, leaner, and later but no differences eventually • Concern for • higher prevalence of (using vegetarianism as a cover, notas a result of vegetarianism)

  8. Macrobiotic Fruitarians Vegan Lacto-ovo Lacto-ovo-pollo Pesco Only a few plant foods Dried fruit, nuts, honey No animal foods Plants + milk, eggs ditto + poultry Plants + fish (+ milk, eggs…) Types of Vegetarian Diets Type Foods eaten

  9. legumes vegetables corn grains nuts and seeds met met trp, lys lys, thr lys Protein Complementation Limiting amino acid Food source met = methionine thr = threonine lys = lysine trp = tryptophan

  10. Macrobiotic Fruitarians Vegan Others *vit. C, calcium, protein…* *energy, protein, minerals…* vitamin B12!, calcium, zinc, iron, vit. D probably okay Nutritional Concerns of Vegetarian Diets Type Nutrients at risk

  11. Eating Disorders • Food itself is not the primary problem; food is a symptom of serious distress. • Early detection is crucial for recovery. • Help is available. Multidisciplinary treatment works best.

  12. Prevention • Discourage • Downplay _________; promote healthful behavior • Promote eating when • Do not use food as • Teach proper nutrition and healthy weight approaches

  13. Adolescents and Athletics • ________is the nutrient of primary concern for athletes in general • ________ is a performance and a health risk • replace for every pound lost in sweat • Protein: +6-7 g/day (____% of kcal) • More = high fat intake; delayed digestion, absorption; greater dehydration risk

  14. Adolescents and Athletics • Energy is primary for still-growing adolescent athletes • Boys: maintain • Girls: maintain • Concern = athletes who manipulate weight • Anabolic steroids increase bulk, but also stunt growth and pose health risk • Long-term effects of ___________ are unknown

  15. Female Athlete Triad

  16. Prevention • Support adolescents through puberty: recognize • Teach that ______ = better athletic performance • Encourage healthy attitudes from

  17. Adolescent Pregnancy • High risk pregnancies due to immaturity: • Gynecological age = time from onset of __________ • < ______ indicates greater risk • less time from completion of puberty means less • e.g. ________ • involve _______ if possible

  18. Risks to the Mother • bleeding(1st, 3rd trimesters) • __ • difficult • cephalopelvic __________ • pregnancy-induced hypertension • infections • psychological/social development • mortality: 2.5x greater!

  19. Risks to the Baby • perinatal and neonatal • * • babies weigh less than those of adult mothers with same weight gain • will covering normal gain help? • risk of • risk of • life with parent(s) who have ____________ skills • life with one parent only; living below the

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