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Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Animal Science Unit, Melle (Belgium)

Impact of nutrition and management on the occurrence and severity of foot pad dermatitis. Luc Maertens Evelyne Delezie. Huvepharma Seminar, Bruges 20-21/11/2013. Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Animal Science Unit, Melle (Belgium) www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be.

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Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Animal Science Unit, Melle (Belgium)

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  1. Impact of nutrition and management on the occurrence and severity of foot pad dermatitis Luc Maertens Evelyne Delezie Huvepharma Seminar, Bruges 20-21/11/2013 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Animal Science Unit, Melle (Belgium) www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be

  2. Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) ... wet litter Intro • Different names: • Foot pad dermatitis (FDP) • Contact dermatitis • Pododermatitis • Foot burn or - lesions • Ammonia burn: > 50% of manure N NH3) (uric acid +H20+02: NH3 and C02) What:erosion (necrotic lesions) of the foot skin Cause: wet and sticky litter(FPD and wet litter: r = ± 0.9)

  3. Withincreasing performance …increasing FPD Development of broiler weight Intro Weight (g) at 42 days (males) ? • Reasons: • Selection 80-90% • Feed 10-20% Consequences: - Very high increase in daily feed and water intake - From d25 onwards: >150 g feed or > 0.25 l water … litter quality - Fragile intestinal balance, quicker gut passage

  4. Foot pad dermatitis ... assessment Intro Scale 0 ... ....2 (3) Excellent unacceptable

  5. Intro: prevalence on farms Intro Situation in The Netherlands between April 2010 and April 2011 (Source WUR) Broiler farms (cumulative %) FPD farm score=100 x (0 x class 0 + 0.5 x class 1 + 2 x class 2)/ n (= number of feet) (Productschap Pluimvee en Eieren)

  6. Adverse effects of foot pad dermatitis Intro • Animal welfare (pain, move less, eat and drink less) • Links with prevalence of breast blisters & rejections at slaughterhouse • Dirty broilers, catching ... • A gateway for bacteria (secondary infections) • Reduced use of antibiotics (link with gut health, litter quality) • Economical value of feet (Asia) • Reduced performances (DWG & FCR) because of reduced mobility (Audenaert, 2012)

  7. FPD a multifactorial problem Overview • Water: balance: intake, -losses, -system, -pressure • Litter material:type, thickness, … • Litter: wet, sticky, capped, caked ... • Ventilation and floor: temperature, concrete,, ... • Light: distribution, colour, program, ... • Density (33 -39 - 42 kg/m²); partial unloading • Animal: age, weight, breed, sex, … • Gut health: dysbacteriosis – coccidiosis - ... • Nutrition • Raw materials (vegetarian vs animal origin, cereals …) • Nutrients (minerals, protein content, fat …) • Physical feed form (mash, pellet, whole wheat …) • Enzymes (NSP, proteases, ....) • Additives (acids, clay minerals, …) • Biotin, Zn … Management at farm level !

  8. Wet litter …. disturbed water balance Water • WATER BALANCE broiler: • SUPPLY LOSSES • Feed (± 88% DM) Urinary (50%) • + drinking water (±75% of supply) Faeces (water content 75-80%) • + Oxidation of nutrients Evaporation (skin + exhaled gasses) • (0.6 g H2O/g glucose; 1.7g H2O/g fat; 0.1g H2O/g protein) Note: selection for extreme DWG (feed intake): loading of litter E.g. Quickly growing (Ross 308) vs slower growing broiler (Sasso T451)

  9. Litter of broilers: water balance Water Ratio water/feed: 1.7 - 2.0; Feed cons. 0-40d/br: 4.25 kg Optimal situation Bad situation 7.25 l 8.50 l 25-30% fixed in the body 2.0 l 5.25 l 2.0 l 6.5 l 50-75% byevaporation 1.65 l 3.60 l 3.5 l 3.25 l 15 br/m² For a house with 40 000 br or 2 500 m²) 25 l/m² or65 000 l 50 l/m² or 130 000 l Or 3 000 to 6 000 l/day after the age of 25 days ! Ventilation! Release of water! Note: wood shavings: max. water retention 3.4 l/kg ; 2 kg/m² or 7l/m² or 17 500 l/house

  10. Wet litter … dirty broilers … FPD

  11. Drinker height and water pressure Water • Drinking line height: appropriate to bird height (when standing birds have to reach for the nipple): avoids water spillage or “playing” • Mobile drinking lines: less FPD (more homogeneous litter) • Water pressure: age dependent (low for young birds, higher with increasing age); FPD score: better with low pressure BUT performances ... Weight, d 38 FPD score Water pressure (Petersen, 2006)

  12. FPD and drinker types Water • Water spillage: drinking cups > nipples > nipples with drip cups (Van Harnet al., 2009)

  13. Acidifying of drinking water Water FPD scores (Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)

  14. Water binding capacity of litter material Litter (Youssef et al., 2010) * DM of 85-90% (De Baere & Zoons, 2004)

  15. FPD and litter material Litter • Most used: wood shavings, chopped straw, peat, coconut fibers .... Flax straw, chopped corn plant, rice hulls, sand, recycled paper, ... • Peat > wood shavings (fine coconut)> chopped strawbut if straw if chopped in small pieces: improved litter and less FPD • Physical form: • soft (lignocellulose: water release!) and no sharp edges (barley straw !) • short (chopped straw: 2-4 cm): WBC and stimulate scratching • DM of litter at start has to be high (85-90%) and ventilate enough to maintain a good litter quality (DM>55%, no crust on the top)

  16. FDP and litter material Litter Average of 6 flocks, De Baere & Zoons, 2004

  17. FDP and litter material FDP and litter material Litter

  18. Littermaterial and FPD in turkeys Litter

  19. Littermaterial and FPD in turkeys Litter Van Harn & De Jong, 2012 Wet litter challenge: 8h/d at a continuously 27% DM , by adding water (Youssef et al., 2010)

  20. FPD and bedding amount – litter depth Litter • Contrasting results: more bedding material does not necessary result in improved FDP (1.0 vs 1.5 kg/m² wood shavings or 1.25 vs 2.5 kg/m² straw) • Interactions with floor isolation, heating (e.g. under ground), ventilation? • If floor is well isolated: with a thin layer of litter (0.5 – 1 kg/m²) ± 1 cm • Increased scratching and turning of the litter by the chicks • Increased aeration, drier and friable litter • But floor temperature! Pre-warming • Spreading of litter material after pre-warming to avoid condensation • If a “cold” floor: a ticker layer of litter is required (>2-3 cm)

  21. Effect of lava or clay minerals Litter additions Lava: 2 times/week: 70 g/m²) Clayminerals: 2 times/week: 70 g/m²) (De Baere, 2012)

  22. FPD and lighting Light • EC regulation: min. 6h dark/24h with a 4h uninterrupted dark period and at least 20 lux during lighting periods • Important: uniformdistribution (also of feed, water, ventilation) promotes a homogeneous distribution of birds and avoids bad zones • Light bulbs > fluorescent lighting (TL): less friable litter, decreased FPD • LED light: energy saving, homogeneous and interesting • Colour : limited effect on FPD , but ... on behaviour (yellow: promotes walking; blue: promote sitting and standing; green: promotes intake, ... ) • Intermittent > day - night: drier litter, less FPD • After a long dark period: peak in water intake!

  23. Effect of lighting regime on FPD Light (De Baere & Zoons, 2004) But if TL lamps are placed higher, a more homogeneous light distribution, better spreading of broilers and litter ... less FPD

  24. Effect of lighting regime on FPD Light FPD scores (Van Harn, 2009)

  25. Effect of stocking density on FPD Stocking density • EC regulation: 33 or 39 or 42 kg/m² • Not always clear in trials ... but faecal load on the litter increases with increasing densities • After an early and partial depopulation (± at d 30): increased litter quality FPD scores (De Baere & Zoons, 2004)

  26. Comparison of 2 temperature schedules and FPD Temperature (Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)

  27. Effect of temperature scheme on FPD Temperature (Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)

  28. Effect of age, breed, gender on FPD Animal • Age (weight): clear increase of severity and prevalence with age (of litter quality?? • Between standard commercial breeds: no clear differences, sometimes Ross 308 less sensitive compared to Cobb FF • However: slower growing breeds (more active ?): less FPD • Males > females: weight effect?

  29. FPD and feeding • All dietary factors that increase water consumption: risk factors • Oversupply of nutrients (excretion with water via the kidneys) • High dietary protein content • Minerals (Na, K) • Fat (source – content), highly condensed feeds • Raw materials with high NSP content, whole wheat • Feed form: mash – pellet; particle size: coarse - fine • Additions (Zn, Biotin, clay minerals, lignocellulose...) • ...

  30. N- retention in broilers Oversupply • Inefficient: only 40% converted to muscle tissue in broilers • Undigested N: draws water for excretion through liver, kidneys (uric acid) and faeces • Stimulates water intake and urine volume • If excess: disturbs microbial gut balance, absorption  • 2%  CP= 12,5%  N = 18%  N excretion (Collett, 2012) • Because of the high growth and high breast meat %: high N (AA) requirements • Duality : maximize growth or gut health • Vegetable protein sources: high content of non-digestible CH (SBM ± 12%)) • Avoids an excess of indigestible protein by: • Using well digestible sources • Synthetic AA

  31. Effect of protein level and source Protein level % VEG H P<0.001 VEG + ANI L Effect onseverelesionsat d 54 Nagaraj et al., 2007

  32. Interaction: dietary protein level- ventilation rate CP - ventilation At the Applied Poultry Research facilities at Geel (Belgium): 2 identical houses with 2 x 4 subunits, 3 flocks with in total 72 000 broilers Maertens, Löffelet al., 2012

  33. Ventilation curves used CP - ventilation Ventilation rate: 1.0 m3 vs 1,7 m3 Flocks under summer and winter conditions

  34. Effect of dietary protein CP - ventilation

  35. Effect of CP on the prevalence of FPD CP - ventilation Both under summer and winter conditions: a significant effect

  36. Interaction CP level and ventilation on FPD CP - ventilation Results of the summer batch Results of the winter batch Ventilationrate P<0.01 NS

  37. Role of minerals Minerals • Macro minerals Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl: essential for e.g. skeleton, nervous system, immune system, ... osmotic regulation • Na, K en Cl: regulate osmotic pressure, pH and tissue moisture content • Acid – base balance is regulated by the mutual relationship • Expressed as EB: Na+ + K+ - Cl- Target value: 250-230 meq/kg • NaCL and NaHCO3 • Surplus of Na or K: water intake : risk of wet litter • Soybean(meal) and manioc : high K content

  38. Na and litter quality Minerals Enting et al., 2009 Enting et al., 2009

  39. Ca, P and Na levels and FPD Minerals Is this correct = ± 10% lower Ca, P en Na (Kenny et al., 2012)

  40. % Dietary fat - litter quality - FPD Dietary fat • 4% pig fat vs 4% soybean oil • Total fat% in grower and finisher ± 7% Löffel, Maertens et al, 2013 Fat dig. (%) FPD score • With saturated fat: less friable and increased wet litter • Difference in faeces consistency: on top a thin soap layer with saturated fat

  41. Dietary fat – litterquality - FPD Dietary fat • Decreased digestibility: capping (soaping) of the litter: water holding capacity + evaporation • Increased excretion of undigested fat at: (Collet, 2012) • High level of bad quality fat (oxidation !) • Young birds > older broilers • Saturated + high free fatty acid level > unsaturated • High Ca content : formation of insoluble soaps with FFA • Irritation of the gut mucosa • Absorption of FA • Water recovery water content of faeces • Water holding capacities of litter • If also high NSP content: viscosity

  42. Low energy diets: no solution for FPD Dietary fat Energy density(1.0 = Ross Breeders recommendations) birds without FPD (= 0 score) • Diets balanced in protein (AA) and other nutrients • Energy dilution: exchange of fat by “wheat feed” (Kenny et al., 2010)

  43. Adding whole wheat to the diet Raw materials • Dietary requirements are age dependent! • With adding whole wheat, a progressive dilution with age (AA, CP) is possible (if suitable ratio)

  44. CP (AA) requirements of broilers: age dependent dig. lysine (%) Requirements Phase feeding Age (day) To match the dietary content (N) as close as possible with the requirements A possibility: progressive dilution with whole wheat

  45. Adding whole wheat to the diet Raw materials • Progressive dilution with age (AA, CP) is possible (suitable ratio) • ONLY with an adapted compound diet: no reduced performances • Great variability in wheat qualities ! • NSP enzymes ! • Slower ingestion speed: favourable for the gizzard • Lower water consumption • Drier litter .... less foot pad dermatitis • Homogeneous intake ? (choice or sequential feeding or mixture) • Homogeneous distribution in the feed lines ... • Variability in intake between birds and selection possible • Heterogeneous flocks and increased risks of coccidiosis ?

  46. Composition of rawmaterials (%) Raw materials Netherlands Feedstuff table, 2010

  47. Adding whole wheat to the diet Raw materials

  48. Effect of SBM, K and OS on FPD in turkeys Raw materials Wet litter challenge: 8H/d continuously on 27% DM litter, by adding water (Youssef et al., 2011)

  49. “NSP” are a part of the carbohydratefraction: a complex of different components Carbohydrates Crude fiber other “N-free” Carbohydrates lignine b-glucans & arabinoxylans pectines oligosacch. cellulose hemicellulose sugars starch ADL ADF NDF Insol. NSP Sol. NSP Raw materials  “anti”nutritional effect on the physiology in the intestinaltract Encapsulatenutrients: notdigestiblefor poultry, partlyfermentableby the microflora

  50. NSP levels in cereals (% DM) Raw materials Xylanaseβ-glucanase (Englyst 1989)

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