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Introduction to Biomechanics: Key Terms and Concepts

Learn about biomechanics, statics, dynamics, kinematics, kinetics, and human body reference positions, planes, and axes. Understand directional terms, joint movement, and instrumentation for measuring kinematics. Explore kinesiology, sports medicine, qualitative vs. quantitative approaches, and solve formal quantitative problems effectively. Master anatomical positions, directional terms, reference planes, axes, and types of motion. Dive into biomechanical systems and movements in various planes.

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Introduction to Biomechanics: Key Terms and Concepts

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  1. ENT 214 Biomechanics Week 1 What is Biomechanics?

  2. ENT 214 Biomechanics Define the terms biomechanics, static, dynamics, kinematics, and kinetics and explain the ways in which they are related. Identify and describe the reference positions, planes, and axes associated with the human body. Define and appropriately use directional terms and joint movement terminology. Identify and describe the uses of available instrumentation for measuring kinematics quantities.

  3. bio mechanics What is biomechanics? Application of mechanicalprinciples in the study of living organisms

  4. Sub-branches of biomechanics: • statics: study of systems in constant motion, (including zero motion) • dynamics: study of systems subject to acceleration

  5. Sub-branches of biomechanics: • kinematics: study of the appearance or description of motion • kinetics: study of the actions of forces

  6. What is kinesiology? the study of human movement

  7. Kinesiology Biomechanics Adapted physical education Exercise physiology Motor behavior Athletic training Sport history Pedagogy Sport philosophy Sport art Sport psychology What is kinesiology?

  8. What is sports medicine? an umbrella term that encompasses both clinical and scientific aspects of exercise and sport

  9. Sports Medicine Biomechanics Athletic training Exercise physiology Physical therapy Cardiac rehabilitation Motor control Sport nutrition Sport psychology Athletic training Other medical specialties What is sports medicine?

  10. Qualitative vs. Quantitative: • qualitative: pertaining to quality (without the use of numbers) • quantitative: involving numbers

  11. Solving Formal Quantitative Problems: • Read the problem carefully. • List the given information. • Write down what quantity is to be solved for. • Draw a diagram of the problem situation.

  12. Solving Formal Quantitative Problems: • Select the appropriate formulato use. • Review the problem statement to determine if more information can be inferred. • Substitute the given information into the formula.

  13. Solving Formal Quantitative Problems: • Solve the equation for the unknown variable. • Do a “common sense” check of the answer. • Box in your answer, including the correct units of measurement.

  14. Chapter 1 What is Biomechanics?

  15. Kebahagiaan yang didambakan seluruh manusia sesungguhnya berpangkal dari dalam jiwa dan hati mereka. Maka penderitaan yang melingkupi dan menghantui mereka sebenarnya merupakan akibat dari musibah yang melanda hati dan jiwanya Renungan Bersama…

  16. Basic Biomechanics, (5th edition)by Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

  17. What is anatomical reference position? • erect standing position with all body parts facing forward • considered the starting point for all body segment movements

  18. Directional terms: • superior: closer to the head • inferior: farther away from the head • anterior: toward the front of the body • posterior: toward the back of the body

  19. Directional terms: • medial: toward the midline of the body • lateral: away form the midline of the body • proximal: closer to the trunk • distal: away from the trunk

  20. Directional terms: • superficial: toward the surface of the body • deep: inside the body away from the surface

  21. Reference planes: • sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur • frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur • transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur

  22. Reference axes: • mediolateral axis - around which • rotations in the sagittal plane occur • anteroposterior axis - around which • rotations in the sagittal plane occur • longitudinal axis - around which • rotational movements occur

  23. Forms of motion: Linear motion: motion along a line • Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line) • Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line)

  24. Forms of motion: Angular motion: rotation around an axis

  25. Forms of motion: General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)

  26. What is a mechanical system? • a body or portion of a body that is • deliberately chosen by the analyst • examples: throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk during performance of a lift, the entire body during performance of a maximal vertical jump

  27. What movements occur in the sagittal plane? • flexion • extension • hyperextension • dorsiflexion • plantar flexion

  28. Hyperextension Flexion Extension Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

  29. What movements occur in the frontal plane? • abduction & adduction • lateral flexion • elevation & depression • inversion & eversion • radial & ulnar deviation

  30. Radial deviation Ulnar deviation Lateral flexion Eversion Inversion Depression Elevation What movements occur in the frontal plane? Abduction Adduction

  31. What movements occur in the transverse plane? • left & right rotation • medial & lateral rotation • supination & pronation • horizontal abduction & adduction

  32. Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction Lateral rotation Medial rotation Supination Pronation What movements occur in the transverse plane?

  33. Spatial Reference Systems • useful for standardizing descriptions • of human motion • most commonly used is the Cartesian • coordinate system • human body joint centers are labeled • with numerical x and y coordinates

  34. Y (x,y) = (3,7) X (0,0) Spatial Reference Systems Cartesian coordinates of the hip

  35. y x = - y = + x = + y = + x (0,0) x = - y = - x = + y = - Spatial Reference Systems Coordinates can be both positive and negative.

  36. Qualitative Analysis: Prerequisite Knowledge • What is the purpose of the skill? • What are the causes of performance errors? • How can knowledge be gained? • experience in performing the skill • reading available literature • attending conferences and workshops

  37. Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What is the question to be answered? • From what perspective(s) (angle and viewing distance) should the movement be viewed? • How many observations should be taken?

  38. Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What plans should be made for: • performer attire • lighting conditions • background • use of video

  39. Viewing Angle Identify Question/Problem Viewing Distance Performer Attire Environmental Modifications Refine Question Make Decisions Use of Video End Analysis Communicate with Performer Collect Observations Visual Auditory From Performer Interpret Observations From Other Analysts Qualitative Analysis: Conducting the Analysis

  40. Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

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