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Production of mixed Carboxylic Acids from sludge using the MixAlco Process

Production of mixed Carboxylic Acids from sludge using the MixAlco Process. Hema Rughoonundun. Research Week 2008. Outline of Presentation. Thermochemical. Common Energy Routes. Sugar. Less Common Energy Routes. Carboxylate.

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Production of mixed Carboxylic Acids from sludge using the MixAlco Process

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  1. Production of mixed Carboxylic Acids from sludge using the MixAlco Process Hema Rughoonundun Research Week 2008

  2. Outline of Presentation

  3. Thermochemical

  4. Common Energy Routes Sugar

  5. Less Common Energy Routes Carboxylate

  6. The MixAlco process has been developed by Dr M Holtzapple and his team from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University. • The process is a patented technology that converts any biodegradable material (e.g, sorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, industrial biosludge, manure, agricultural residues, energy crops • into a mixed alcohol fuels containing predominantly 2-propanol, but also higher alcohols up to 7-tridecanol (Holtzapple et al., 1999).

  7. 2009 Demonstration Plant (100 ton/day)

  8. Process MixedAlcohol Fuels Mixed Ketones Carboxylate Salts Thermal Conversion Biomass Hydrogenate Pretreat Ferment Dewater Lime Hydrogen Calcium Carbonate Lime Kiln

  9. Complex organic matter Carbohydrates, proteins, fats 1 Soluble organic molecules Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids 2 Volatile fatty acids Acetic acid Hydrogen, H2 Carbon dioxide, CO2 3 4 Methane, CH4 Carbon dioxide, CO2 4 Fermentation Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis Methanogenesis

  10. What is Mixed Alcohols

  11. Acetic acid, unlike ethanol, is biologically produced from simple sugars without the production of carbon dioxide: C6H12O6     →     2 CH3CH2OH   +   2 CO2 (Biological production of ethanol) C6H12O6     →     3 CH3COOH (Biological production of acetic acid) Hence, on a Mass basis, the yield is higher for acetic acid compared to ethanol fermentation.

  12. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2 G = -48.56 kcal/mol glucose ethanol C6H12O6 3 C2H3OOH G = -61.8 kcal/mol glucose acetic acid The actual stoichiometry is more complex C6H12O6 6 acetate + 2 propionate + butyrate + 5CO2 + (67 mol%) (22 mol%) (11mol%) 3 CH4 + 6H2O

  13. Substrates Lignocellulosic Municipal solid waste Any biodegradable material!!

  14. Does not require sterile condition • Does not require expensive enzymes • Good Energy Yield

  15. Fermentation of Sludge using MixAlco Process • Methodology I. Substrates • Mixed Sludge

  16. Mixed Sludge

  17. II. Apparatus Centrifuge bottle bioreactor (Ross, 1998) Fermentors in Roller Apparatus

  18. III. Conditions of Experiments • Solids concentration of 50 g/L • Marine Innoculum (12.5%) • Temperature 550C • Gas vented and sample of liquid taken every 2 days • pH adjusted using ammonium bicarbonate • Iodoform used as inhibitor used (0.8µL every 2 days)

  19. Parameters analysed • pH • Volume of gas • Gas Composition Nitrogen, Methane and Carbon dioxide Apparatus: Gas Chromatograph (Agilent 6890 series, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, California) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD)

  20. Fermentation of Sludge using MixAlco Process • Parameters analysed • Total Carboxylic Acids Apparatus: Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, California) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a 7683 series injector.

  21. Yield Parameters

  22. Significance of results for Mauritius • Sludge production by 2015 = 122,260 tonnes/ year • Dry sludge (25 % solids) = 30,565 tonnes/year • Assuming Volatile solids % = 65% • Expected yield of Acids = 0.34 g Acids/g VS fed • Energy Value of Mixed Acids = 29MJ/L

  23. Total carboxylic acids production = 6755 tonnes/year • Potential in terms of • Energy = 192, 424 GJ • Tonne of Oil equivalent = 4596 toe • Money (at 82 USD per barrel) = Rs 80.4 million • Gasoline (60% Efficiency) = 4053 tonnes

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